Association for Specialists in Group Work. Acceptance and commitment therapy. Suicide. Although case conceptualization, outcome assessment, and treatment planning are important, they are also time-consuming. You may lack the necessary skills; clients may move to a distant locale; you and a particular client may simply be unable to work together. (1982). As a preventive act, many agencies rotate counselors in and out of crisis work to provide periods of less intensive effort. The Counseling Psychologist, 16, 190234. For example, a counselor typically will not share her or his personal reactions to a client without thinking about the likely effects of such a disclosure on the particular client. Therapists as patients: A national survey of psychologists experiences, problems, and beliefs. Empirically supported psychological therapies. Lerner, H. G. (2005). Rational emotive behavior therapy: A therapists guide. Counselors self-disclosing and self-involving statements, however, should be employed sparingly (to maintain the focus on clients) and at a matching level of intensity. Women and Therapy, 21, 6368. Object relations and self-psychology: An introduction. Essential goals of counseling areas: Facilitating . Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Brooks/Cole, visit www.cengage.com/ brookscole. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Canadian Psychological Association. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 397400. Ask yourself what rewards you expect as a counselor. Jordan, J. R., & Neimeyer, R. A. I was depressed. Clients may transfer feelings from past relationships onto their perceptions of you. WantedA good cookbook. In contrast, a concern like restricted emotionality occurs more frequently with male clients. 58 NARRATIVE THERAPY Narrative therapy (NT) refers to a variety of approaches that focus on the role of language and stories in counseling. Psychotherapy with Latina women. Sampson, J. P. (1999). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Also, some websites frequently change URL (universal resource locator) addresses; the addresses listed here may or may not remain valid when you read this book. This page intentionally left blank Watkins, C. E., & Schneider, L. J. OConnell, B. And shes in Colorado. (1977). Northvale, NJ: Aronson. Regarding process, for example, some evidence suggests that counselors biases about clients can be passed on when they interpret tests (Fouad & Chan, 1999). Counselor-client conversations are therapeutic in intent, aimed at helping the client change, and progressive in nature. Ethical standards for school counselors. (1991). . George B. Johnson Washington University St. Louis, Missouri Clients bear the ultimate responsibility for change. Counselors and psychotherapists with different orientations disagree vigorously about which of the three systems should be targeted for intervention (or at least, targeted first). Heinlen et al. We know of a number of counselors who have learned this lesson the hard way. Hall, L. K. (2008). Im starting to get very upset. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2, 127. However, practitioner-scientists, theoreticians, and other researchers are the groups likely to discover the patterns and order that occur in effective counseling and psychotherapy. Prochaska, J. O. A meta-analysis of outcome studies comparing bona fide psychotherapies: Empirically, All Must Have Prizes. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 203215. How clients are harmed by sexual contact with mental health professionals: The syndrome and its prevalence. (1993). 9 INDIVIDUALIZE YOUR COUNSELING Each counselor eventually develops a personal style of counseling. ), Forms of brief therapy (pp. . In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds. Robert Hostetler The Pen, The Elements of Counseling SEVENTH EDITION Scott T. Meier University at Buffalo Susan R. Davis Private Practice, Buffalo, NY Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States The Elements of Counseling, Seventh Edition By Scott T. Meier and Susan R. Davis Acquisitions Editor: Seth Dobrin Editorial Assistant: Rachel McDonald Assistant Editor: Nicolas Albert Senior Marketing Manager: Trent Whatcott Marketing Coordinator: Darlene Macanan Senior Marketing Communications Manager: Tami Strang Editorial Production Manager: Matt Ballantyne 2011, 2008, 2005 Brooks/Cole, a part of Cengage Learning. cultural ellanon 3.Principle EmpathyofEmpathy isabilitytoidentify ithaperson. Families often act to preserve their status quo; in some families, this means that members act to keep certain individuals sick. The first task of the family counselor, then, is to observe the communication patterns of family members (see Satir, 1988). Leong, F. T. L., & Blustein, D. L. (2000). Work with everyone who is in crisis; practically, this may mean that you will counsel the helping professional who has requested your assistance. Research on brief and crisis-oriented psychotherapies. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. CLIENT: I feel . How might this style work for you? Such notes should be kept under lock and key where no one can access them purposefully or by accident. Recent research suggests that adolescent clients may underreport, at the beginning of counseling, such socially undesirable behaviors as smoking, cheating, and failing to follow directions from adults (Meier & Schwartz, 2007, cited in Meier, 2008). An eclectic and integrative approach: Transtheoretical therapy. Thus, it appears that grief counselors should frequently assess how clients are experiencing the counseling process as well as the impact of the process on the individual client (for example, are they feeling more anxious and depressed, and are these feelings persisting over time?). 314). Other counselors were once clients themselves and decided to follow in the footsteps of counselors who helped them. Counselors also attend to feelings because clients seek counseling primarily to alleviate psychological pain. Once processing has occurred in counseling, counselor and client typically experience greater emotional closeness that allows for further exploration of client issues and vulnerability on the part of the client. In practice, many clients will tell you when you are wrong. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Journal of Counseling and Development, 65, 100103. 341357). Counseling lacks a strong consensus about such fundamental issues as the integration of diverse counseling approaches (Ivey, 1980), the usefulness of counseling research to practice (Gelso, 1979; Goldman, 1976; Rice, 1997; Trierweiler & Stricker, 1998), and the interaction between various client characteristics and counseling approaches (Krumboltz, 1966). The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) website has an extensive A-Z of therapeutic approaches. Its a much better strategy to encourage self-exploration, as in the preceding example, than to engage in premature problem solving. . (Eds.). Or COUNSELOR: I feel sad that you lost your job. Respecting clients privacy and confidentiality means counseling should occur in a quiet, private setting. Skinner, B. F. (2001). Counselors and clients now must attempt to document the effectiveness of counseling through the use of outcome measures. Sue, D. W. (1990). When clients dont progress: Influences on and explanations of therapeutic progress. In L. H. Collins & J. C. Chrisler (Eds. ), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. . In this example, the counselor described the counseling procedure and its past effectiveness. COUNSELOR: What would you do if she felt depressed? A good rule of thumb is that you can confront as much as youve supported. The task of the counselor is to engage the client in such a way that both are working together to resolve the issues that brought the client to counseling. What counselor behaviors can enhance client progress? Chapter 3: Strategies for Assisting Self-Awareness and Growth in Counseling. 664700). Canadian Psychology, 49, 4959. It takes about an hour and a half, and it will help us decide what direction to go in counseling. Clients often experience intense feelings such as rage or grief. New York: International Universities Press. ), The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy (pp. 41 BECOME AWARE OF AND ADDRESS YOUR PERSONAL ISSUES Every beginning counselor will eventually confront difficult questions about her or his personal issues. 4/12/13 1:25 PM You worked very hard to sort things out with yourself and your family. Mikesell, R. H., Lusterman, D., & McDaniel, S. H. (1997). . 83 Dobson, K. (1989). CLIENT: So I began to drink again after I lost my job. C. WHAT AMOUNT OF PROGRESS IS ACCEPTABLE? For example, one of the counselors key tasks is to pay attention to the clients experienced and expressed levels of affect (Pennebaker, Zech, & Rim, 2001). Undergraduate students enrolled in introductory psychology or counseling courses will find the book useful in helping them understand the applied aspects of psychology. For example, you might explore what solutions have already been tried. The counselor had been proceeding on the assumption that changes in the clients behavior would resolve the presenting problem. However, once you become skilled at explaining counseling to your clients, you may be tempted to explain everything. Instead of asking a question, a counselor might say Tell me more about that . If clients can be placed in a group on the basis of relatively similar problems, work can be done more efficiently than it can in one-to-one counseling. Feminist therapy. Participants are instructed to Write about your deepest thoughts and feelings about a trauma over a period of three to five days for 15 to 30 minutes a day (Pennebaker et al., 2003); in essence, participants must create a written narrative of a traumatic incident. Self-efficacy theory: Toward a unifying view of behavioral change. Finally, HIPAA describes how and when client information can be used and disclosed. Solution-focused therapy (2nd ed.). Clients may also find it helpful to know that they can take some time to find a resolution to their problems. 2. have tools to evaluate and integrate counselling theories into their counselling practices 3. compare and contrast counselling theories with reference to their conceptual, practical and ethical dimensions 4. have a basic understanding of the counselling relationship and the process of attending, listening, responding and valuing Proponents of a common factors approach point to the findings of psychotherapy outcome studies that indicate that all approaches have approximately equal effects (for example, M. Smith & Glass, 1977; Wampold et al., 1997). Bruner, J. CLIENT 1: I want to be an engineer, but I really dont know if I can do it. COUNSELOR: Hi, Im Susan. asicPrinciplesofCounseling PrincipleofAcceptance ccepttheclientwithhisphysical, psychological,social,economicaland conditions. 428467). To avoid this, we set aside 10 to 15 minutes between clients to take notes from the previous session and review notes in preparation for the next hour. In this context, resistance is something to be respected, understood, and, when appropriate, explored. Copyright 2023 SILO.PUB. . A substantial split separates practitioners and researchers: Researchers dismiss practitioners as touchy-feely, whereas practitioners view current research as irrelevant (Gelso, 1979; Meehl, 1956). Doing what works in brief therapy: A strategic solution focused approach. nasponline.org/certification/ethics.html. (For example, round 7 would indicate further progress than round 3.) Fundamentals of counseling (3rd ed.). New York: Brunner/Mazel. Other life events become more fully incorporated into the story and the client is placed as a more active protagonist. Therapeutic factors in psychotherapy. CLIENT: Ive been depressed for so long now that Ive just about given up hope. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Your job as a crisis counselor, then, is to assess all the persons involved in the crisis situation. Assessing outcome in clinical practice. Developing a therapeutic relationship, that is, an emotionally engaged alliance between counselor and client. Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. In fact, the contact may need to be moderate for clients who are afraid of intimacy and personal contact. Highland, NY: Gestalt Journal Press. A revolution in counseling research. In the first, termed obstructive, clients avoid processing material that would help them progress in therapy; this sometimes occurs when clients feel a topic is too dangerous. F. CAN YOU BE FLEXIBLE, ACCEPTING, AND GENTLE? . To control costs, companies have employed a multitude of methods, including limiting the number of sessions, restricting who may provide services, delaying payment for sessions by weeks and months, and continually pressing for or imposing lower fees (Kessler, 1998). Thus, Budman maintains that brief therapies emphasize efficiency, outcomes, and benefits of provided services. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Ayduk, O. but we havent spoken at all about dying. (1996). (2005). Clinical interviewing (3rd ed.). Page i When clients use nondescript words such as bad, good, or upset, ask them to elaborate. In most cases, clients have given up control or perceive a great loss of control. In general, counselors should obtain and respond to culturally specific knowledge with their clients (Fischer et al., 1998). Rather than problem solve early in counseling, counselors do better to help clients define problems fully. CLIENT: Well . (1990). Kopta and et al.s analyses classified the items into three categories: (a) acute (quick response to treatment), (b) chronic distress (moderate response rate), and (c) characterological (slow response rate). For some clients with a traumatic incident or difficult situation, discussion about the distressing topic can be analogous to opening a door to a room full of flames. But you havent mentioned anything so far today about that. A theory provides a basis for making such choices and increases the likelihood that they will be of help to the client (compare to Meier, 2003). Behavior therapy: Techniques and empirical findings (3rd ed.). CLIENT: Uhmm . Family therapy: Concepts and methods (8th ed.). . The concept of honor also holds a central place, whereby the soldier is willing to act for the common good, including giving up her or his life to perform the mission. Teyber, E. (2005). Stress in counsellors: An integrative research review. (Ed.). Members of helpful groups feel part of the group as a whole and benefit from the open giving and receiving of feelings and ideas (see Barrett-Lennard, 1974; Schneider Corey & Corey, 2005). In a sense, this book is a role induction for beginning counselors and a role reminder for experienced therapists. Corsini, R., & Wedding, D. (2007). Social learning and cognition. A. Determine if the failure to attend reflects on progress (or lack thereof) in counseling or the clients characteristic manner of dealing with people. CLIENT: I just dont have the willpower to eat more. Factors in marital adjustment and their interrelationships: A comparison of Taiwanese couples in America and Caucasian American couples. Handbook of multicultural counseling. Countertransference in marital therapy for infidelity. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 7, 126143. D. HOW TOWARD WILL YOU DEAL YOU? Mahoney, M. (1987, August 31). Journal of Consulting Psychology, 16, 319324. Creating or discovering a shared worldview, for example, about the causes and context of the clients problems. 52 GROUP COUNSELING Group counselors may subscribe to any of the counseling approaches described previously; that is, you may find Gestalt groups, person-centered groups, and cognitive-behavioral groups. COUNSELOR: Gloria, last week we agreed you would speak with your mother about some of the issues we discussed. J. S. Abramowitz (2002) noted that providing an explanation and rationale for counseling process and procedures may be particularly important for clients who will complete difficult treatments such as exposure therapy. Psychoanalysis: The impossible profession. Beginning counselors are often taught to help clients recognize these feelings and the reasons for them; for example, I feel angry because I didnt get the job (Egan, 2001). . . Clients (and therapists) belief in the effectiveness of counseling affects its outcome (Orlinsky et al., 1994; Rosenthal & Frank, 1958; see also Orlinsky & Howard, 1978, pp. (1982). Other clients may begin counseling unable to recognize their feelings or to describe them in more than a cursory manner (Barrett, 2006). CLIENT: That would work, but I doubt that I could stick to the schedule. it is kind of hard for me to admit she upset me. 6. CLIENT: So I just left after we started to argue. Finally, practical issues such as documenting the counseling progress and the referral process are briefly discussed. Beginning counselors often work too hard: They feel responsible for helping clients, and they take that task as a mandate to give advice, ask scores of questions, and solve problems. Basic elements of Counselling. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 146150. Whereas some gay and lesbian clients are open about their sexuality, some may not feel safe sharing this with you. And given the importance of listening and communication skills in their professions, the book will also be of use to nurses, physicians, educators, police officers, and business persons. Informational workshops about eating disorders, for example, could help young women in the Precontemplation stage become more aware of their eating and dieting problems. For some highly acculturated clients, culture may hold little significance in their worldview; for other clients, the counselors ability to appreciate, know, and apply cultural meanings will be the key to effective helping. maybe get a 3.0 average. The skilled helper: A problemmanagement and opportunitydevelopment approach to helping (7th ed.). Nurses, medical doctors, police officers, and other helping professionals with limited mental health experience sometimes become apprehensive when dealing with a crisis client. The following summary highlights the basic effective counseling skills useful for positive interactions with patients; 1. Life on the electronic frontier: The application of technology to group work. We hope that what the book lacks in comprehensiveness it atones for in simplicity, clarity, and brevity. ), Psychotherapy for women (pp. Processes and stages of change: Counseling with the transtheoretical model of change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. That such sexual intimacies occur is not surprising given that over 80 percent of psychologists surveyed reported feeling sexually attracted to a client (Rodolfa, Yurich, & Reilley, 1993) and that counselorclient sexual interactions are often the focus of ethical complaints and malpractice awards (Rodolfa et al., 1994). Ng, K. S. (1999). Conceptualization and measurement of patient change during psychotherapy: Development of the Outcome Questionnaire and Youth Outcome Questionnaire. New York: Aronson. ), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. Client-centered counselors assist clients in the change process by focusing on congruence and affect. New York: Basic Books. Sampson, J. P., Reardon, R. C., Peterson, C. W., & Lenz, J. G. (2004). Skilled group counselors supply moderate amounts of group rules and emotional challenges, along with A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO INTERVENTION 69 high amounts of support and interpretation of group processes (Lieberman, Yalom, & Miles, 1973). Individualize you must. Another perspective held by counselors about the complexity of change concerns the clients readiness to change. Van Kaam, A. I wont maintain my 3.5 grade point average. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Because counselors lack a precise method for describing relationships between people, making personal contact is difficult to describe. Two attempts to integrate research into practice center on empirically validated or supported treatments (EVTs or ESTs) and treatment manuals. Principles of behavior modification. 521546). Listen for and accept these giftsthey are worth their weight in gold for what they reveal about how clients construe their world (compare to Martin, 1994). NYS Psychologist, 12, 712. ), Scientist-practitioner perspectives on test interpretation (pp. CLIENT: Youre not helping me. Thus, processing refers to discussion of client and counselor feelings about an event or an aspect of the counseling relationship (Cashdan, 1988). Ive been trying to think positively and ignore those feelings because Ive got to get a job as soon as I can. This does not mean the client must immediately develop an intense relationship with the counselor. CLIENT: Yes . Heinlen, K. T., Welfel, E. R., Richmond, E. N., & Rak, C. F. (2003). Process of counsellling. CLIENT: Im getting so afraid of snakes that I wont leave the house much anymore. Gestalt counselors, however, still observe their clients to determine the effects of confrontation. As suggested in the preceding example, the client might learn to pay attention to his stomach whenever he feels sad. Role induction may be part of a set of procedures designed to increase clients expectations for therapeutic gain (J. Frank, 1971). Some research suggests that clients sharing of narratives can strengthen the working alliance and help clients reexperience emotional events (Hardtke & Angus, 2004). The more specific, accessible, and concrete the method, the greater the likelihood the client will attempt suicide.