At the same time, she is someone who really values keeping her promises. To avoid confusion, all the names on this list follow the, Presidential standard and seal of the president of the Republic of Korea, From 12 March to 14 May 2004, Prime Minister, Lifespan timeline of presidents of South Korea, List of presidents of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, List of presidents of South Korea by time in office, Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, "Constitutional Reform and Inter-Korean Relations: Part 2", "Low-Level Confederation and the Nuclear Crisis (in 2 parts)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_presidents_of_South_Korea&oldid=1161174392, This page was last edited on 21 June 2023, at 03:36. Video. As an increasing number of women become prime ministers and presidents, some of them leave office amid controversy and instability, such as Yingluck Shinawatra, Aung San Suu Kyi, Theresa May, and Dilma Rousseff. The sessions were conducted in Korean. Other focus groups assumed that the question was about whether they thought impeachment was a reflection of voters sexism and misogyny against a female politician. Macromill Embrain in South Korea recruited respondents and administered the online survey to 1,279 participants who met the participation age criteria (between 20 and 69). I thank the discussants and participants of these workshops for thoughtful comments. Symbolic representation is related to constituents perceptions that they are represented (Pitkin Reference Pitkin1967). She was the first female president of South Korea (201317). He was a general who staged a coup in 1961 and ran the country until his assassination by his intelligence chief in 1979. Despite her rather "undemocratic . Table 3. A Trailblazer or a Barrier? Apart from President Park, there is Ko Young Tae, a former Olympic gold-medalist fencer, and Choi Soon Sil, a close confidante of the president. They inherit moral capital and become proxies for deceased or persecuted male predecessors (Derichs, Fleschenberg, and Hstebeck Reference Derichs, Fleschenberg and Hstebeck2006; Kane Reference Kane2001), promising peaceful national integration, social and economic justice, and gender equality (Amirell Reference Amirell2012). At the same time, her opponents, people who would not vote for Park Geun-hye, see her simply as that: the daughter of a dictator. Do women from political dynasties elicit symbolic representation? Courtesy of presidential office. However, this time lapse between the election (2012), impeachment (2016), and survey (2020) provides an advantage for this study, which is about how voters remember and evaluate Parks political legacy. STRAUB: The most salient thing about Park Geun-hye is that she is the daughter of the former president of Korea during the 1960s and 70s, Park Chung-hee. After her fathers death, Park Geun-Hye continued to be active in public life by serving as a chairperson of educational and cultural foundations. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. About 76 percent of eligible voters went to the polls Wednesday, a higher than expected number given the freezing temperatures.
First Female President Elected in South Korea - ABC News After discussing the findings from the empirical data, I elaborate on their implications and the possible directions for future research. Krook (Reference Krook2010) examined two aspects of womens symbolic representation: how womens presence in politics promotes the legitimacy of the legislature as a whole and how much this presence impacts voters perceptions of politics as a mens world (Krook Reference Krook2010, 236). Quota sampling (age, gender, and regional quotas) was used following the census data provided by the Ministry of Interior and Safety.
Alumna named first female president of South Korea's Inha University In November 2017, while Parks trial was ongoing, the Liberty Korea Party expelled her from its ranks, with party chairman Hong Joon-Pyo stating that it must cast off its yoke as the Park Geun-Hye party. On April 6, 2018, Park was found guilty of corruption, sentenced to 24 years in prison, and fined 18 billion won ($17 million). Korean media obtained evidence that Choi had edited presidential speeches and read presidential briefing materials, evidence of Chois influence on Park. Existing studies of motherhood and womens politics have corroborated the opinions of the focus group participants. And he used that incident as a reminder to the electorate that we need good relations, we need a person who is not confrontational, who would not shy away from concessionary diplomacy for the sake of peace and calm on the Korean Peninsula. It was a notable achievement given that South Korea had the highest level of gender inequality in the developed world. As of May 2022, 30 women were incumbent national executive leaders (Vogelstein and Bro Reference Vogelstein and Bro2022). Eleven of the 35 participants said that the prospects of electing the countrys first female president shaped positive expectations for them, but 22 people mentioned that the prospect did not excite them (see Appendix 3 in the Supplementary Materials). But Park's stance was more in line with that of the United States, and called for economic assistance only, contingent, she said, on there being "an honest dialogue on issues of mutual concern" and on North Korea giving up its nuclear ambitions. "coreDisableEcommerce": false, By 2020, Parks electoral victory was eight years in the past, and she had already been impeached and sentenced to prison three years earlier. A male moderator from the research consultancy, T Bridge,led the three men-only groups, and I facilitated the three women-only groups to further promote the free sharing of opinions by the participants. ), Studying Political Representation: A Comparative-Gendered Approach, Sedaebyeol Inyeomgaldeungui Ijilseong: Sedae Nae Isyutaedo Bunseogeul Jungsimeuro [Heterogeneity within generations: Analysis of issue attitudes by generational group], Political Cleavages in Korea: Region, Class, Generation and Ideology, Gender Quotas and Candidate Selection Processes in South Korean Political Parties, The Perception of the Candidates Traits and the Vote in the Korean Presidential Election: Comparing on the 17th and 18th Korean Presidential Elections, OUGHTOPIA: The Journal of Social Paradigm Studies, From First Daughter to First Lady to First Woman President: Park Geun-Hyes Path to the South Korean Presidency, The Leaky Pipeline and Sacrificial Lambs: Gender, Candidate Nomination, and District Assignment in South Koreas National Legislative Elections, South Korea: Womens Political Representation, The Palgrave Handbook of Womens Political Rights. Render date: 2023-07-07T15:31:45.979Z Unlike the survey respondents, the overwhelming majority of the focus group participants expected that the countrys second female president was unlikely to be elected anytime soon after Parks impeachment (24 of 35 participants). Leaders exits and their impact on the polity are much less studied than elections, whether the studies focus on executive leaders (Jalalzai Reference Jalalzai, Alexander, Bolzendahl and Jalalzai2018) or party leaders (Gruber et al. The conservatives did not agree that Park would be a barrier to other women, supporting the ideological affinity hypothesis. April 29, 2015. These conservative men interpreted the statement Park was impeached because she was a woman as a reflection of Parks individual quality as a woman leader. I maintained the same scale when using the responses as variables in the regression models. Corrections? Women leaders become positive role models for women and girls (Beaman et al. I recoded 14 as conservative and 811 as liberal and included two separate dummy variables, one for conservative and the other for liberal. Women were more likely to have a pessimistic view than were men, and the difference was statistically significant (see Appendix 3 in the Supplementary Materials). Until his assassination in 1979 by his own intelligence chief, he ruled with an iron fist. Younger voters favored the left-leaning Moon, whereas the older voters preferred Park's conservative policy that emphasized stability. Serah S. Cherrie August 27th, 2022 Often referred to by the media as "Puppygate," the story of South Korea's first female president's impeachment is a wild ride from start to finish. Park Geun-hye of South Korea is an ideal case to examine how female leaders gender, dynastic connections, and failures might impact the symbolic representation of women when biases are prevalent against women in politics. During the ceremony held at The Shilla Seoul hotel, Kim congratulated women entrepreneurs who have demonstrated their worth and capabilities to lead the country's economic growth and changes of the times, while also encouraging young women and students set to become future women entrepreneurs, the presidential office said. she struggled to push through reforms amid economic scandals. This is an example in which the strength of the focus group as a data collection method shone through by revealing how people think and talk about specific subjects, rather than having researchers impose a definition of a particularly complex concept for a survey (Cyr Reference Cyr2017, 1039). Ironically, Parks failure, not her election, empowered women to participate in politics and voice their grievances. In 1974 she became Koreas first lady after her mother was killed in a failed assassination attempt against her father by an agent of North Korea, and five years later her father was killed by the head of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA; now the National Intelligence Service), Kim Jae-Kyu. LEE: Park Geun-hye certainly enjoys that afterglow thanks to her father. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. On the other hand, he ruled very harshly, and so many people have mixed feelings about him, and lots of people either like him very much or dislike him very much. The participants received approximately $65 in cash to compensate for their two-hour participation and travel time. She was reelected for four more terms as a representative in the National Assembly (19982012). The friendship behind the presidential crisis. Answer: Park Geun-hye, South Korea's first female president, and a woman who has experienced her fair share of violence while working - and growing up - in government. The presidential term has been set at five years since 1988. The vibrant #MeToo movement (Hasunuma and Shin Reference Hasunuma and young Shin2019); controversy surrounding online feminist communities such as Megalia and Womad (Evans Reference Evans2016); and the 2022 presidential election of Yoon Suk-yeol, whose campaign promises included the abolishment of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family and penalizing false accusations of sex crimes (Gunia Reference Gunia2022; Lee Reference Lee2022) exemplify the deepening gender conflicts in the country. Recent studies have focused mainly on the positions that women tend to assume (Jalalzai Reference Jalalzai2013), the conditions enabling them to reach those positions (Beckwith Reference Beckwith2015; Genovese and Steckenrider Reference Genovese and Steckenrider2013; Jalalzai Reference Jalalzai2013), and the policies they promote and implement (Jalalzai Reference Jalalzai2019; Reyes-Housholder Reference Reyes-Housholder2016; Reyes-Housholder and Schwindt-Bayer Reference Reyes-Housholder, Schwindt-Bayer, Martin and Borrelli2016). Over the last 15 years, Park Geun-hye has been a national assemblywoman, and for a couple of years she was the head of her conservative party, now named the New Frontier Party. Reference Ryan, Haslam, Ryan and Haslam2007), although this concept has been critiqued (e.g., Thomas Reference Thomas2018, 399). Park Geun Hye served as the 11th president of South Korea from 2013-2017. Park Geun-hye is headed back to the Blue House. Empirical Analysis of the 18th Presidential Election, Perceived contribution of Park to womens empowerment through symbolic representation and policy making, Impact of Parks election and impeachment on a second female president, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, https://time.com/5320323/michelle-obama-ala-conference/, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37018916, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42748769, https://prospect.org/culture/books/astronaut-sally-ride-burden-first/, https://www.gallup.co.kr/gallupdb/reportContent.asp?seqNo=795, https://www.gallup.co.kr/gallupdb/reportContent.asp?seqNo=1169, https://www.gallup.co.kr/dir/GallupKoreaDaily/GallupKoreaDailyOpinion_470(20211029).pdf, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14680777.2021.1928257, https://time.com/6156537/south-korea-president-yoon-suk-yeol-sexism/, https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV7.jsp, https://data.ipu.org/women-averages?month=11&year=2021&op=Show+averages&form_build_id=form-tm_n85q0AvJvzz1D4u4mfbWmyYvJ8Ni2h_fxtaW7Nso&form_id=ipu__women_averages_filter_form, https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=11&year=2021, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.506, https://www.theglobalist.com/south-korea-anti-feminist-young-men-presidential-election-lee-jun-seok/, http://www.sisain.co.kr/?mod=news&act=articleView&idxno=30542&utm_source=dable, https://www.panel.co.kr/user/information/benefit, https://likms.assembly.go.kr/record/mhs-10-010.do, https://data.oecd.org/eduatt/adult-education-level.htm, https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/sharpe-its-a-harsh-life-for-women-in-politics, https://m.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20131106067000001, https://doi.org/10.1177/01925121221078232, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentinas-cristina-kirchner-facing-corruption-allegations-mounts-unlikely-comeback/2019/07/28/3f3a31d4-a3dd-11e9-a767-d7ab84aef3e9_story.html, https://www.cfr.org/article/womens-power-index, https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2021/. } In July 2018 another trial found Park guilty of illegal use of government funds, and she was sentenced to an additional eight years. * p < .05. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/south-korea-1. Then, I reanalyzed the transcripts to interpret the patterns identified in the counting tables (Morgan and Zhao Reference Morgan and Zhao1993). Park was held in detention during the trial, and in October 2017 the court ordered that her incarceration be extended until April 2018 in response to concerns that she would attempt to destroy evidence before a verdict was reached. When she took office Park vowed to improve the economy by boosting creativity and entrepreneurship, but she struggled to push through reforms amid economic scandals. She has been part of South Korea's public history from her childhood. What impact would President-elect Park have on South Koreas relations with the United States? Updates? After serving five terms as a national legislator and chair of her party, Park Geun-hye was elected in 2012 as the first female president of South Korea. On the other hand, women voters expressed strong disappointment and concerns about the failure of this historic first, as they linked Parks failure to the diminishment of other female leaders electoral prospects. Im sure she will make an effort to engage with North Korea. On December 9, 2016, the National Assembly voted to impeach Park by an overwhelming margin. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content.
South Korea Elects First Female President: Park Geun-hye Park Geun-hye made history Monday by becoming South Korea's first female president, pledging to secure South Korea against the threat of an increasingly hostile North Korea at the same time. The South Korean government constitutionally considers the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) to be its predecessor. For logistical reasons, those who lived outside the Greater Seoul Metropolitan area, which is within two hours via public transit from the meeting space, were not invited to the panel. She also publicly apologized to those who had suffered under his regime. In a hard-fought race, conservative ruling party candidate Park Geun-Hye won with 51.6 percent of the vote over left-leaning opposition candidate Moon Jae-In. This article contributes to the study of gender and symbolic representation in two significant ways. The president must be a South Korean citizen, at least 40 years old, who has lived in South Korea for 5 years. First lady Kim Keon Hee on Tuesday attended the opening ceremony of the second "women entrepreneurs week" aimed at celebrating the achievements of women in business, the presidential office said. Even though the share of women legislators has increased over time and they have actively promoted women-friendly bills (Lee Reference Lee, Franceschet, Krook and Tan2019b), South Korean womens political participation is not as active as that of men except in voting participation, as in other Asian countries (Liu Reference Liu2022). The companies paid about $70 million to the two foundations, which were later revealed to be connected to Choi Soon-Sil, a close friend of Parks and the leader of a syncretic religious sect known as the Church of Eternal Life. On March 10, 2017, the court ruled unanimously to uphold the parliamentary decision, and Park became South Koreas first democratically elected president to be removed from office. Park's opponent, Moon Jae-In, 59, represented the Democratic United Party, had been a student activist and later a human rights lawyer. Even though an increasing number of female leaders have successfully assumed the highest national executive office, existing political institutions and measures designed to promote better inclusion of women tend to benefit women in majority groups (Hughes Reference Hughes2011). In 2021, former president Moon Jae In pardoned Park Geun Hyes sentence because of her deteriorating health and to overcome unfortunate past history, promote peoples unity and join hands for the future.. Multiple indicators suggest that South Korea is not the most favorable place to be a woman in politics. Park Geun-Hye makes history as first female president of South Korea. Though Mr. Ko strongly denied the allegations of being Ms. Chois lover, he admitted that she trusted him to a great extent. Park, who is accused of colluding with her friend, was impeached by parliament in December 2016. "coreDisableSocialShare": false, Park herself emphasized her unmarried status as a positive factor in her 2012 campaign for the same reason. Scandals in the party can open a window of opportunity for women to move up the party leadership ladder and be elected (Beckwith Reference Beckwith2015; Thomas Reference Thomas2018), but many women are mired in corruption allegations themselves during or after their tenure, as in the case of Benazir Bhutto (Chu Reference Chu2007; Crossette Reference Crossette1996), Cristina Fernndez de Kirchner (Tegel Reference Tegel2019), and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Ford Reference Ford2018). Learn more about Friends of the NewsHour. The focus groups revealed that voters perceived that Parks election had more to do with her family ties than it did with her womanhood, and thus they were reluctant to consider her election a breakthrough for gender equality in the country. And its because of him that his daughter came to prominence. Despite almost two decades of adopting gender quotas and mixed electoral systems, the National Assembly still has fewer than 20% women members after its most recent election in 2020 (ranking 121st in the world), below the global average of 26% and the Asian average of 21% (Inter-Parliamentary Union 2021a, 2021b). In the last several years, a lagging global economy has forced out ruling parties in several countries: France, Italy and Japan, just to name a few. Park then carried out her mother's duties for five years as the de facto first lady of South Korea. Rise to the presidency I employed probability weights based on education, class identification, and political ideology to improve the samples representativeness. Although there were no attention checks, participants who did not complete the whole survey or whose response pattern raised a quality concern (e.g., marking a 1 for all the questions) were excluded. Existing studies of symbolic representation do not explicitly consider the fact that many women leaders are part of the social, economic, and political elite. She has been a very successful and powerful politician over the last 15 years. The company maintains a national panel participant database with 1.3 million users, the largest in South Korea. He was once imprisoned for opposing the authoritarian rule of Park's father, and later served as chief of staff to the late President Roh Moo-Hyun. VideoThe surprising benefits of breaking up, Presenter photo claims are clear crisis for BBC. LEE: Intuitively, one would think any act of provocation by North Korea would actually give momentum to the more conservative candidate that is, the more hard-line in terms of policy towards North Korea. A favorable evaluation of Parks father was one of the key voting factors in the 2012 presidential elections (Kang Reference Kang2018). Mr. Ko stated, She treated me like a slave, swearing at me many times. Offended by this behavior, he started looking for a way to avenge his insults. Under her leadership the party achieved important electoral gains against difficult odds in the 2004 general elections, which earned her the nickname Queen of Elections in the media. But a significant part of the. I included age, hometown, political cynicism, whether they voted for Park in 2012, household income, and education as the control variables, following studies analyzing South Korean voting behaviors (e.g., Hur Reference Hur2019; Kim and Park Reference Kim, Park and Kim2018; Yoon Reference Yoon2017). World She was South Korea's first female president now she's sentenced to prison for 24 years By Hying-Jin Kim and Kim Tong-Hyung The Associated Press Posted April 6, 2018 12:55 pm Updated. She was officially ousted in March 2017 when the decision was upheld in the supreme court, and was arrested on corruption charges. However, after severe corruption and nepotism scandals broke in July 2016, her presidential approval ratings started to drop dramatically. Even though it is becoming less frequent, tapping into family ties is not uncommon, as evinced by the recent Philippines election in 2022, in which the son of Ferdinand Marcos and the daughter of Rodrigo Duterte became the president and vice president, respectively. The dependent variables are measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale, with 5 being strongly agree. The control variables include age, hometown, political cynicism, support for Park in 2012, household income, and education. A friend of Mr. Ko once asked him to bring some of his latest products to a designated place for a mysterious client. "The people are my family.". For her supporters, Park was a proxy for her father, expected to carry on his legacy. She favors engagement, economic cooperation and even resuming South Koreas tourism project, which brought tourists to a mountain resort in North Korean territory. So I would say North Koreas provocative missile test last week actually was intended to give momentum to the more pro-engagement, pro-North Korea candidate, Moon, who had billed himself as the candidate of peace and reconciliation. Moreover, copartisans are more responsive to the presence of a female leader. The influence he had on Ms. Park was then passed down from father to daughter. However, she was later granted a retrial, and in 2020 her sentence was reduced to 20 years. Has data issue: false The liberal participants were less likely than were the others to agree that the Park administration promoted women-related policies, again supporting the ideological affinity hypothesis (Table 3). The participants were selected from all provinces, except Jeju Island, whose population is less than 1% of the countrys. Park, 60, has been nicknamed the "ice queen" for her stoic pose and tendency to stick to her principles. Shes even open to having a summit meeting with the North Korean leader, given that the North Korean leadership demonstrates that it is sincere about approaching South Korea in nuclear negotiations and reconciliation talks. Given that Park emphasized her status as a dutiful daughter of her father more than her status as a womens representative, voters weak acknowledgment of her contribution to gender equality should not come as surprise. In fact, Villomillo got a huge boost in sales and reputation once the president was seen sporting a bag by the brand in 2013. South Koreas worst disaster since the 1995 collapse of the Sampoong department store, it caused significant political fallout for Park, whose government was viewed as bearing some responsibility for the unsatisfactory handling of the incident.
Margaret Holmes Cabbage Recipes,
When Does Bolingbrook High School Start,
City Of Phoenix Homeless Encampment,
Pasadena City College Women's Basketball Roster 2023,
Frooties Nutrition Facts,
Articles F