Accessibility Born to slaves near Atlanta in 1894, she was described at 114 years old as spry, cheerful, and talkative. When she was 112 years old, Ms. Baines was asked by a CNN correspondent to explain why she thought she had lived so long. Its my world? Brown SL, Nesse RM, House JS, Utz RL. These positive religious coping methods include spiritual support from God or a higher power, rituals to facilitate life transitions, spiritual forgiveness, support from a religious institution or clergy and reframing a stressful situation into a larger, more benevolent system of meaning. Oman D, Reed D. Religion and mortality among the community-dwelling elderly. Irwin MR, Miller AH. Of the nine best studies, four reported significant positive relationships (44%) [101104] and three report significant negative relationships (33%) [105107], whereas the two remaining studies reported complex or mixed results (significant positive and negative associations, depending on R/S characteristic). At least 121 studies have examined relationships between R/S and mortality. Lytle LA, Varnell S, Murray DM, et al. Religious attendance reduces cognitive decline among older women with high levels of depressive symptoms. Health-related quality of life predictors of survival and hospital utilization. Given the strong connections between psychosocial stressors, health behaviors, and CHD, it is not surprising that there is a link with R/S. FOIA These activities should always be patient centered, not centered on the health professional. Abortion provision among practicing obstetrician-gynecologists. Hill TD, Angel JL, Ellison CG, Angel RJ. Giving thanks: spiritual and religious correlates of gratitude. Risk and protective factors for methamphetamine use and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among young adults aged 18 to 25. A recent survey sponsored by the American Psychiatric Association highlighted the adverse psychological effects of the current pandemic and the prominent place of religious faith in addressing these effects. Deep faith beneficial to health | Stanford News Cited here are both positive and negative studies reporting significant relationships. This may be related to confounding by ethnicity. For people with medical illness, these beliefs are particularly useful because they are not lost or impaired with physical disabilityunlike many other coping resources that are dependent on health (hobbies, relationships, and jobs/finances). They are the true experts in this area. Another personality inventory commonly used in the United Kingdom is the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, which assesses extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism [201]. Ross LE, Hall IJ, Fairley TL, Taylor YJ, Howard DL. Effects of a randomized controlled trial of transcendental meditation on components of the metabolic syndrome in subjects with coronary heart disease. Sutherland I, Shepherd JP. I have briefly reviewed reasons for inquiring about and addressing spiritual needs in clinical practice, described how to do so, and indicated boundaries across which health professionals should not cross. Most of these are prospective cohort studies, where baseline R/S is assessed as a predictor of mortality during the observation period, controlling for confounders. This is a time when patients and families may demand medical care (often very expensive medical care) even when continued treatment is futile. Helm HM, Hays JC, Flint EP, Koenig HG, Blazer DG. Fallot RD, Heckman JP. Hill TD, Burdette AM, Ellison CG, Musick MA. Tully J, Viner RM, Coen PG, et al. Higher church attendance predicts lower fear of falling in older Mexican-Americans. Finding meaning in a childs violent death: a five-year prospective analysis of parents personal narratives and empirical data. Johnson BR. Some benefits of having religious values can include a stronger form of resilience in challenging circumstances, a larger support system, an increase of one's sense of meaning and hope, and a perceived control over situations (Jackson and Bergeman, 2011, as cited in Avent Harris, Garland Mckinney & Fripp, 2019). Are there religious variations in marital infidelity? Kim D, Kawachi I. Goldbourt U, Yaari S, Medalie JH. King DE, Mainous AG, Steyer TE, Pearson W. The relationship between attendance at religious services and cardiovascular inflammatory markers. Al-Kandari YY. A survival analysis of dimensions of religion among homeless substance abusers: going into the remotest regions. Before Positive emotions include well-being, happiness, hope, optimism, meaning and purpose, high self-esteem, and a sense of control over life. Faith seems to move mountains in the sense that religion is associated with positive health outcomes. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Friedlander Y, Kark JD, Stein Y. Concerning extraversion, there have been 50 studies, with 38% reporting a positive relationship with R/S and 6% reporting an inverse or negative relationship. Religious content in the DSM-III-R glossary of technical terms. Living a healthier lifestyle will result in better physical health and greater longevity. Third, R/S beliefs affect patients' medical decisions, may conflict with medical treatments, and can influence compliance with those treatments. These studies were often in populations where there was a challenge to having meaning and purpose, such as in people with chronic disabling illness. Public approval of suicide: a situational analysis. Burden of cardiovascular risk factors, subclinical atherosclerosis, and incident cardiovascular events across dimensions of religiosity: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Krause N. Gratitude toward God, stress, and health in late life. Of the 32 randomized clinical trials, 22 (69%) reported that an R/S intervention reduced anxiety more than a standard intervention or control condition, whereas one study (3%) found an increase in anxiety following an R/S intervention in persons with severe alcohol dependence [190]. Idler EL, Kasl SV. Religion and anxiety disorder: an examination and comparison of associations in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. In this way, continuity of pastoral care will be ensured between hospital and community. We identified 27 studies on relationships between R/S and immune functions, of which 15 (56%) found positive relationships or positive effects in response to a R/S intervention, and one (4%) found a negative effect [436]. Does spirituality as a coping mechanism help or hinder coping with chronic pain? Koenig HG. Stress management: a randomized study of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga. Religious attendance and mortality: an 8-year follow-up of older Mexican Americans. In: Buswell RE, editor. After adjusting for age, sex, broad ethnic group and region, smoking prevalence in England and Wales in 2016 to 2018 was significantly higher among those identifying as having no religion (18%) than those who identified as Muslim (11%), Christian (11%), Hindu (5%), Jewish (4%), Sikh (2%), or with "any other religion . Baron-Epel O, Haviv A, Garty N, Tamir D, Green MS. Who are the sedentary people in Israel? Curlin FA, Lawrence RE, Chin MH, Lantos JD. Sethi S, Seligman MEP. Wiech K, Kalisch R, Weiskopf N, Pleger B, Stephan KE, Dolan RJ. Russ TC, Stamatakis E, Hamer M, Starr JM, Kivimki M, Batty GD. Brown TN, Schulenberg J, Bachman JG, OMalley PM, Johnston LD. Religion, race, and marriage in urban America. Maselko J, Buka S. Religious activity and lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorder. The situation does not improve when results from the most rigorously designed studies are examined. Jewish Virtual Library. We located 185 studies, of which 84% reported inverse relationship with R/S and only two studies (1%) found positive relationships. Women with multiple sexual partners: United States, 1988. Among the 25 studies with the highest quality ratings, 11 (44%) reported greater weight among the more R/S [82, 317322] and five (20%) found lower weight (or less underweight [323]). Braam AW, Deeg DJH, Poppelaars JL, Beekman ATF, Van Tilburg W. Prayer and depressive symptoms in a period of secularization: patterns among older adults in the Netherlands. If the health professional is knowledgeable about the patient's R/S beliefs and the beliefs appear generally healthy, however, it would be appropriate to actively support those beliefs and conform the healthcare being provided to accommodate the beliefs. Lack of comfort and understanding should be overcome by training and practice. Koenig HG. Religiosity, quality of life, and survival in cancer patients. Fifth, R/S beliefs of health professionals (or lack of belief) should not influence the decision to take a spiritual history, respect and support the R/S beliefs of patients, or make a referral to pastoral services. Does religious attendance prolong survival? Kennedy BM, Paeratakul S, Champagne CM, et al. Adjustment to termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly: a longitudinal study in women at 4, 8, and 16 months. Tepper L, Rogers SA, Coleman EM, Malony HN. At least 50 studies have now examined the relationship between R/S and self-rated health. Of those, 16 (55%) found that those who are more R/S had a lower risk of developing cancer or a better prognosis, although two (7%) reported a significantly worse prognosis [467, 468]. Occupational mortality from squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in the United States during 19911996. This is reflected in teachings from the pulpit and influences what is considered appropriate within religious social groups. First, many patients are R/S and have spiritual needs related to medical or psychiatric illness. Stark R. Religion as context: hellfire and delinquency one more time. Thus, it stands to reason that R/S might influence physical health through psychological pathways. Wineberg H. Marital reconciliation in the United States: which couples are successful? Hyypp MT, Mki J. Individual-level relationships between social capital and self-rated health in a bilingual community. Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health - Psychiatric Times Reyes-Ortiz CA, Berges IM, Raji MA, Koenig HG, Kuo YF, Markides KS. Social factors, in turn, are known to influence both mental health and physical health and predict greater longevity [574576]. Psychological investment in religion and its association with longevity in the terman sample. Social integration is associated with fibrinogen concentration in elderly men. Baetz M, Bowen R. Chronic pain and fatigue: associations with religion and spirituality. Note that more R/S persons are typically those with the least resources (minority groups, the poor, and the uneducated), both in terms of finances and access to healthcare resources. Gillum RF, King DE, Obisesan TO, Koenig HG. Positive and Negative Religious Beliefs Explaining the Religion-Health Google Scholar presents a more comprehensive picture since it includes studies published in both Medline and non-Medline journals. Overall, at least 299 studies have examined this relationship, and of those, 147 (49%) reported inverse association with R/S (three at a trend level), whereas 33 (11%) reported greater anxiety in those who were more R/S. Conjoint developmental trajectories of young adult substance use. Sex and risk subgroup analysis. The most impressive research on the relationship between R/S and physical health is in the area of mortality. Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Strawbridge WJ, Cohen RD, Shema SJ, Kaplan GA. Religious struggle: prevalence, correlates and mental health risks in diabetic, congestive heart failure, and oncology patients. Religious involvement and the health of the elderly: some hypotheses and an initial test. Alexander CN, Schneider RH, Staggers F, et al. However, there is another possibility. The relationship between age and depressive symptoms: a test of competing explanatory and suppression influences. Of the 13 methodologically most rigorous studies, nine (69%) reported positive associations with R/S [457461] or positive effects of an R/S intervention (all involving Eastern meditation) [462465]. The hope of fundamentalists. McCullough ME, Friedman HS, Enders CK, Martin LR. Thus, starting up a religious sect does not require any form of validation. For example, in an early study of 382 adults with musculoskeletal complains, R/S coping was the most common strategy for dealing with pain and was considered the second most helpful in a long list of coping behaviors [531]. Throughout the Middle Ages and up through the French Revolution, physicians were often clergy. In summarizing the research on R/S and health behaviors, I cite only a few of the studies with high-quality ratings since there are so many. With regard to alcohol use, abuse, and dependence, at least 278 studies have now examined relationships with R/S. Gender differences in reaction to terror events. Sidhartha T, Jena S. Suicidal behaviors in adolescents. Martin KR, Levy BR. The association of physicians religious characteristics with their attitudes and self-reported behaviors regarding religion and spirituality in the clinical encounter. Spiritual direction in addiction treatment: two clinical trials. Methods of religious coping with the Gulf War: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. The association of health and functional status with private and public religious practice among rural, ethnically diverse, older adults with diabetes. The impact of religious practice and religious coping on geriatric depression. Hollifield M, Hewage C, Gunawardena CN, Kodituwakku P, Bopagoda K, Weerarathnege K. Symptoms and coping in Sri Lanka 20-21 months after the 2004 tsunami. Anxiety and fear often drive people toward religion as a way to cope with the anxiety. Poole R, Cook CCH. Tix AP, Frazier PA. Pressman P, Lyons JS, Larson DB, Strain JJ. Ishibashi KL, Koopmans J, Curlin FA, Alexander KA, Ross LF. Ellison CG. We identified 31 studies that examined R/S and associations with or effects on endocrine functions. Korenromp MJ, Page-Christiaens GCML, van den Bout J, Mulder EJH, Visser GHA. Schoenbach VJ, Kaplan BH, Fredman L, Kleinbaum DG. The experience of negative emotions may be like pouring hydrochloric acid on the brain's memory cells [422]. Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. These reports have been published in peer-reviewed journals in medicine, nursing, social work, rehabilitation, social sciences, counseling, psychology, psychiatry, public health, demography, economics, and religion. Religious and Spiritual Factors in Depression: Review and Integration Second, R/S beliefs of patients uncovered during the spiritual history should always be respected. Daniels M, Merrill RM, Lyon JL, Stanford JB, White GL., Jr Associations between breast cancer risk factors and religious practices in Utah. Levin JS, Markides KS, Ray LA. Unfortunately, for many lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals, their religion of upbringing can be less than welcoming of their same-sex attraction or non-cisgender identity. Even more concerning, however, is that the conflict has caused psychiatrists to avoid conducting research on religion and mental health. Does devoutness delay death? Third, most religions emphasize love of others, compassion, and altruistic acts as well as encourage meeting together during religious social events. Wills TA, Yaeger AM, Sandy JM. An ecological study in 26 countries, 1990. In addition, we identified 23 studies that examined relationships between R/S and blood cholesterol levels. Kark JD, Shemi G, Friedlander Y, Martin O, Manor O, Blondheim SH. Frequency of attendance at religious services and mortality in a U.S. national cohort. (Permission to reprint obtained. When individuals abide by those rules and regulations, this reduces the likelihood of stressful life events that reduce positive emotions and increased negative ones. At least 45 studies have examined relationships with R/S, and 42 (93%) reported significant positive relationships. Frequency of church attendance and blood pressure elevation. Koenig HG, Hooten EG, Lindsay-Calkins E, Meador KG. A multilevel analysis of key forms of community- and individual-level social capital as predictors of self-rated health in the United States. Religiosity and marital stability among Black American and White American couples. Intergenerational religious dynamics and adolescent delinquency. In: Peteet J, Lu FG, Narrow WE, editors. The role of religiosity in dietary beliefs and behaviors among urban African American women. In the American colonies, in particular, many of the clergy were also physiciansoften as a second job that helped to supplement their meager income from church work. Edmondson KA, Lawler KA, Jobe RL, Younger JW, Piferi RL, Jones WH. Of those studies, 13 (62%) found a significant positive association between R/S and a healthier diet (one at a trend level) and one found a worse diet [305]. Religious influence on marital stability. Hummer RA, Benjamins MR, Ellison CG, Rogers RG. This is especially true given the impact that unmet spiritual needs are likely to have on both medical outcomes and healthcare costs. Membership in different types of voluntary associations and psychological well being. This was done by dichotomizing scores into two categories (06 versus 710) and comparing the categories between the two examiners. Okun MA. Harrell ZAT, Broman CL. Certainly, the religious prohibition on condom use resulted in many people acquiring AIDS. Racial differences in adolescent drug use: The impact of religion. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Religion and mental health: what are psychiatrists doing and should do? Generally, religiosity (i.e., level of religious dedication, belief, and religious activity) is considered a protective factor against negative mental health outcomes. Social dimensions of adolescent substance use. Wilson J, Musick M. Religion and marital dependency. Of those, more than half (12 studies) found significantly lower cholesterol among those who were more R/S, whereas three studies (13%) reported significantly higher cholesterol levels. This should be done for all new patients on their first evaluation, especially if they have serious or chronic illnesses, and when a patient is admitted to a hospital, nursing home, home health agency, or other health care setting. Stack S, Wasserman I. A 2005 study on adults in their 60s and 70s in the U.S. found that religious beliefs buffered against depression associated with poor physical health. Larson DB, Koenig HG, Kaplan BH, Greenberg RS, Logue E, Tyroler HA. Lelkes O. Tasting freedom: happiness, religion and economic transition. Krause N. Exploring the stress-buffering effects of church-based and secular social support on self-rated health in late life. This point was reinforced by a personal communication with Doreen Finn (dfinn@jointcommission.org), Senior Associate Director, who works under Mark Pelletier (mpelletier@jointcommission.org), Executive Director, JCAHO, Hospital Accreditation (January 612, 2012). Chan School of Public Health and Brigham and Women's Hospital. Effects not explained by better health behaviors could be explained by lower stress levels and higher social support in those who are more R/S. Doody MM, Mandel JS, Linet MS, Ron E, Lubin JH, Boice JD., Jr Mortality among Catholic nuns certified as radiologic technologists. Religious scriptures in other faith traditions also emphasize the person's responsibility to care for and nourish their physical body [282284].
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