Direct link to corasanaa's post They said that because th, Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to Esther Dickey's post Well, you could consider , Posted 7 years ago. Recovery of normal body weight in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: The nurses' perspective on effective interventions. The four principles of Scientific Management Theory: Develop a science for each element of work Scientifically Select, Train, Teach, and Develop the worker Cooperate with the Worker Divide the Work and Responsibility Who is Frederick Taylor? Scientific theory - Wikipedia Within the physiologic mode, nutrition and fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are essential for physiologic integrity.1 Compromised processes related to these vital aspects of the physiologic mode include malnourishment, dehydration/over-hydration, electrolyte imbalance, and metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.1 Thus, nurses should focus on monitoring vital signs, body weight, and caloric intake to provide information about the physiologic mode of individuals. Most human cells are ___ meaning they come in matching pairs of chromosomes (one set from each parent). In this sense a hypothesis is never incorrect but only incomplete. Describe the difference between values and facts and explain how the scientific method is used to differentiate between the two. The adaptive modes applied to persons with AN and nursing interventions are shown in Table 3. Think carefully aboutyour assumptions when finding and analyzing informationbut also think carefully about the assumptions of others. These assumptions can be independently tested, increasing our confidence in our test results. To learn what these are, visit. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. An inpatient program for adolescents with anorexia experienced as a metaphoric prison. Several examples include the idea that living organisms develop from nonliving matter, which formed the basis of spontaneous generation, a hypothesis that ultimately was disproved (first in 1668, with the experiments of Italian physician Francesco Redi, and later in 1859, with the experiments of French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur); the concept proposed in the late 19th century that microorganisms cause certain diseases (now known as germ theory); and the notion that oceanic crust forms along submarine mountain zones and spreads laterally away from them (seafloor spreading hypothesis). Corresponding Author: Karen M. Jennings, PhD, RN, PMHNP-BC, The University of Chicago, Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637; The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at, Persons have mutual relationships with the world and a God-figure, Human meaning is rooted in an omega point convergence of the universe, God is intimately revealed in the diversity of creation and is the common destiny of creation, Persons use human creative abilities of awareness, enlightenment, and faith, Persons are accountable for entering the process of deriving, sustaining, and transforming the universe, Systems of matter and energy progress to higher levels of complex self-organization, Consciousness and meaning are constitutive of person and environment integration, Awareness of self and environment is rooted in thinking and feeling, Human decisions are accountable for the integration of creative processes, Thinking and feeling mediate human action, System relationships include acceptance, protection, and fostering interdependence, Persons and the earth have common patterns and integral relations, Person and environment transformations are created in human consciousness, Integration of human and environment meanings results in adaptation, Experiences within a specific culture will influence how each element of the RAM model is expressed, Within a culture there may be a concept that is central to the culture and will influence some or all of the elements of the RAM to a greater or less extent, Cultural expressions of the elements of the RAM may lead to changes in practice activities such as nursing assessment, As RAM elements evolve within a cultural perspective, implications for education and research may differ from experience in the original culture. The scientists in these fields ask different questions and perform different tests. Unlike ineffective behavioral responses, effective behaviors promote the integrity of the person and the goals of adaptation including survival, growth, reproduction, mastery, and human and environment transformations.1 For individuals with AN, the restriction of caloric intake tends to be a learned behavior to reflect the deeply rooted defense mechanisms to manage emotional states and resolve challenges to personal control.22,27 Unfortunately, for the overall human body system, such behavioral responses are ineffective and compromise health and overall adaptation. Our verified expert tutors typically answer within 15-30 minutes. Figures 1 and and22 provide representations of human adaptive systems and individuals with AN as adaptive systems, respectively. Contextual stimuli are internal or external factors that influence the ability to respond to the focal stimulus and contribute directly to adaptation but are not the focus of attention and energy.1 Among individuals with AN, contextual stimuli may be characterized as the diagnosis of AN, related biological vulnerabilities, and impaired defense mechanisms. Focal stimulus is internal or external, involves the immediate awareness of the individual and requires the use of energy and resources.1 AN is characterized by significantly low body weight secondary to severe restriction of energy intake as well as a fear of or persistent behavior that interferes with body weight gain.23 During acute treatment, individuals with AN tend to focus on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to body weight, resulting in the activation of defense mechanisms and behaviors to prevent or limit changes in body weight. scientific hypothesis, an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world. Why are people so diverse? With low weight, the human body downregulates to preserve homeostasis, leading to significant & potentially life-threatening medical consequences & cognitive deficits. Examining weight suppression as a predictor of eating disorder symptom trajectories in anorexia nervosa. Hence, in this paper; the author will (1) provide a concise explanation of the RAM, (2) explicate specific aspects of the RAM particularly relevant to nursing care of patients with AN as they experience weight restoration, and (3) discuss the implications for nursing practice and research. Is that not disapproving? To test the hypothesis, we need to make an observation or perform an experiment associated with the prediction. A.would inherit characteristics that were acquired during their parents' lifetimes. Much as we might like to avoid it, many of them justified. Annie perceived weight gain as a threat to this belief, and believed that food consumption would cause catastrophic weight gain and lead to intolerable emotions. The formulation and testing of a hypothesis is part of the scientific method, the approach scientists use when attempting to understand and test ideas about natural phenomena. Of course, there is nothing that makes a guess 'educated'. Example S.3.1 After the K-Pg extinction (extinction of the dinosaurs) some populations evolved differently from their pre-disaster communities. DeJong H, Broadbent H, Schmidt U. Finally, nurses discussed alternative strategies to manage negative emotions; and helped Annie develop daily and weekly goals to use new strategies. The interdependence mode involves interaction with others, and a central notion is the giving to and receiving from others, such as love, respect, value, nurturing, knowledge, skills, commitment, time, talents, and material possessions.1 Interdependence consists of affectional adequacy and developmental adequacy, and difficulties in one or both components can lead to a compromised level of functioning.1 Thus, for the interdependence mode, the nurse should focus on social support. If the toaster doesn't toast, then the hypothesis is not supportedlikely wrong. Anatomy and Physiology questions and answers. 2. hypothesis making. Direct link to shreyamundhada1's post A hypothesis is a guess o, Posted 4 years ago. In the first week of being at the residential program, Annie refused to eat several of her meals, was constantly pacing the unit, and was exercising in her room and bathroom. Collaborate with patients and develop goals to experience autonomy. Note: From C. Roy, 2009, The Roy Adaptation Model, Third Edition, p. 31. Unfortunately, individuals with AN struggle with ineffective development of relationships and insufficient social support for affection and relationship needs.42 This population also tends to struggle with ineffective patterns of giving and receiving, ineffective patterns of dependency and independency, and lack of security in relationships.42-43 During acute treatment for AN, nurses and patients described how nurses facilitate interactions with peers, encourage support from and to peers, challenge irrational cognitions, and recommend active involvement in social activities in treatment and outside of treatment.16,20 Ongoing monitoring of social support will help to guide nursing interventions to develop and reestablish affectional adequacy and developmental adequacy as well as the central notion of the interdependence mode, the giving to and receiving from others. Evolution is more like a tree than like an escalator. 3. testing. A person with AN constantly interacts with changing internal and external environments, and experiences stimuli which activate defense mechanisms resulting in behaviors. However, they use the same core approach to find answers that are logical and supported by evidence. Scientific assumptions include which of the following: B. science can study both supernatural and natural matters C. scientific conclusions can vary depending on who is observing them D. science can only address the natural world E. maximum accuracy is not necessary in science Question 2 (1 point) National Library of Medicine Thomas Kuhn: Paradigm Shift - Simply Psychology a. All of the Quizzes Flashcards | Quizlet One of the major breakthroughs in understanding the mechanisms of evolutionary change came with the realization that evolution, A.was one minor way that populations change over time, B.takes place at the level of populations, not within individuals, C.takes place only within individuals, D.was just a "theory" and therefore conjecture, Organisms who are capable of breeding because they are biologically and behaviorally compatible to produce viable, fertile offspring are called. Some claim that naturalism is the implicit philosophy of working scientists, and that the following basic assumptions are needed to justify the scientific method: That there is an objective reality shared by all rational observers. AN is a severe psychiatric disorder with high mortality and suicide rates.3-5 Acute treatment is often required to intervene with potentially life-threatening medical consequences and starvation-induced cognitive impairment from significantly low body weight. Overall, nurses played an integral role in facilitating change in all areas of functioning, and did not primarily focus on Annie's behaviors that interfered with weight restoration. We do not collect or store your personal information, and we do not track your preferences or activity on this site. Nurses encouraged Annie to reconnect with her friends via text message or email. Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Some Petri dishes are spread with a . Maintaining a therapeutic connection: Nursing in an inpatient disorder unit. During acute treatment for AN, nurses should also focus on monitoring shape and weight overvaluation, or undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, a key diagnostic feature of this disorder.23 Nurses should have knowledge about the self-concept mode to assess behaviors and stimuli influencing individuals' self-concept because adaptation problems in integrity of self can interfere with the ability to recover.1 It is noteworthy that both males and females with AN experience shape and weight overvaluation, but males tend to have a drive for muscularity and leanness compared to females who tend to have a drive for thinness.50 Thus, to foster psychic integrity, nurses should collaborate with patients to challenge specific aspects of shape and weight overvaluation (e.g., drive for thinness vs. drive for muscularity and leanness) which may lead to shifts in self-concept and behaviors that promote weight gain and ultimately recovery. Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author declared no actual or known potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Human beings speak more than 6,000 distinct languages. A. All the assumptions that are part of a particular test are also, in a sense, hypotheses ideas about how something works that could be correct or incorrect. A Systematic Review of Dropout from Treatment in Outpatients with Anorexia Nervosa. v t e The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century (with notable practitioners in previous centuries; see the article history of scientific method for additional detail.) Paradigm Shift Additionally, shape and weight overvaluation is a potential residual stimulus in that patients may decrease their valuation of shape and weight throughout acute treatment, leading to shifts in patterns of behavior that promote weight gain. A prospective study of predictors of relapse in anorexia nervosa: Implications for relapse prevention. restoring or increasing body weight to healthy weight) during acute treatment (i.e., inpatient & residential), and the role of nursing interventions in the promotion of weight restoration. Furthermore, research studies are needed to explore the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties (Interdependence), autonomy and sense of control (Role Function), overvaluation of shape and weight (Self-Concept), and the process of weight restoration (Physiologic) among individuals during acute treatment for AN. D.would be composed of an even blend of their parents' characteristics. Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG, Kessler RC. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. | Definition of Hypothesis. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal A.are associated with negative effects such as the beginnings of cancers or heritable disorders. If the toaster does toast, then the hypothesis is supportedlikely correct. With the help of nurses and her peers, Annie drafted letters to her friends and parents that offered an apology, explained her eating disorder, and suggested how they may provide support. Provide opportunities to promote a sense of control (e.g., offering options at meals). Some people live in the frigid Arctic tundra, others in the arid deserts of sub-Saharan Africa, and still others in the dense forests of Papua New Guinea. Let's suppose that you get two slices of bread, put them into the toaster, and press the button. All scientific tests involve making assumptions. An investigation often begins with a scientist making an observation. On the other hand, if results contradict a hypothesis, that hypothesis is probably not correct. Weight changes during inpatient refeeding of underweight eating disorder patients. The ability of an individual to effectively adapt to stimuli is contingent upon the person's adaptation level, the situational demands, and pre-existing levels of functioning.1 Functional life patterns are a person's response to health problems and are derived from life processes. For instance, we might investigate why the outlet is broken. (45.13 kg) with a height of 64 inches (1.63 meters), and a BMI of 17.1 kg/m2. It just means there is a possible logical explanation. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. All scientific tests involve making assumptions. Test Match Created by jeddahlyn Terms in this set (20) Which of the following was an assumption of scientific managers? Such complex hypotheses may be developed as scientific models (see scientific modeling). Such knowledge will further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that may contribute to the development and maintenance of AN. The main (lateral) component is ___ while the anteromedial portion is composed of ___. Schwartz DM, Thompson MG, Johnson CL. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. D.A population of rabbits get separated from one another geographically. D.merely increased variation within populations. As the intensity of the threat exceeds the patients' ability to manage their emotional states, restriction of caloric intake is perceived as necessary and a vital coping strategy for survival. Direct link to Midnight crow's post What if one time an exper, Posted 5 years ago. Post any question and get expert help quickly. The two primary features of a scientific hypothesis are falsifiability and testability, which are reflected in an Ifthen statement summarizing the idea and in the ability to be supported or refuted through observation and experimentation. Critical Thinking and Academic Research : Assumptions In this case, we might predict that if the electrical outlet is broken, then plugging the toaster into a different outlet should fix the problem. Research has suggested that individuals with AN will disengage from treatment and turn to eating disorder behaviors during periods of enforced treatment (e.g., nasogastric tube feeding) or power struggles.26-27 As patients repeatedly struggle to abate their fears and regain a sense of control, patterns of behaviors to prevent weight gain may become even more deep-rooted. and transmitted securely. Scientific hypothesis | Definition, Formulation, & Example Scientific assumptions include which of the following: maximum accuracy is not necessary in science science can only address the natural world science can study both supernatural and natural matters scientific conclusions can vary depending on who is observing them. Learn more about our, The core of science: Relating evidence and ideas, The social side of science: A human and community endeavor, A scientific approach to life: A science toolkit. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The Roy Adaptation Model The theoretical assertion of the RAM is based on philosophic, scientific, and cultural assumptions derived from systems theory, adaptation-level theory, and cultural challenges of the 21 st century. The conceptual framework of evolutionary biology emerged with the Modern Synthesis in the early twentieth century and has since expanded into a highly successful research program to explore the processes of diversification and adaptation. The scientific method (article) | Khan Academy Philosophy of science - Wikipedia She decides to search Google and, within a few minutes, locates more sources that she could possibly incorporate into her final paper. Restricting her caloric intake and excessive exercising had become acquired defense mechanisms and deeply rooted learned responses to support Annie's belief that these behaviors helped to manage her negative emotions. Over the past two years, her friends had left for college. The case study will provide a pathway for the application of the RAM to have more clinical relevance, and will help to synthesize the science and art of nursing in relation to treating individuals with AN. exam 3 review Flashcards | Quizlet Nurses regularly assessed Annie's safety by inquiring about her mood and sense of hopelessness. Moreover, utilization of the RAM as the theoretical framework may help to explicate the heterogeneity among individuals with AN, and facilitate the development of novel treatment interventions that are more individualized and client-focused versus one-size-fits-all. What is the primary difference between archaeology and pseudoarchaeology? Workers always acted rationally. Direct link to Nicholas Song's post I am using a new account , Posted 4 years ago. Zipfel S, Wild B, Grofs G, Friederich H, Teufel M, Schellberg D, Giel KE, et al. Are you afraid to say what you mean? 1 These research paradigms are the philosophies of science, 2 which guide the way science is conducted by shaping the following core elements: ontology (how reality is viewed), episte. Scientific assumptions include Access to over 100 million course-specific study resources, 24/7 help from Expert Tutors on 140+ subjects, Full access to over 1 million Textbook Solutions. An official website of the United States government. B. Raykos BC, McEnvoy PM, Carter O, Fursland A, Nathan P. Interpersonal problems across restrictive and binge-purge samples: Data from a community-based eating disorders clinc. a definition of a concept that allows it to be observed and measured a variable is a concept that takes on two or more possible values When testing a theory In science to determine if it is accurate, we apply the principle of falsifiability. C.did not inherit characteristics from their parents but acquired them through interaction with their environment. Need is physiologic integrity. If Annie had expressed worsening mood and hopelessness with increased suicidal thoughts, nurses would have discussed the need for a higher level of care to ensure her safety. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. 1.2 The Scientific Methods - Physics | OpenStax Hypothesis is not supported. The results of a test may either support or contradictopposea hypothesis. A few of these articles include bibliographies. FOIA However, it is important to regularly monitor sense of autonomy and sense of control to help guide nursing interventions to promote social adaptation related to role function, inclusive of the facilitation of individuals' ability to act in a self-determinant manner and regain control of self and personhood. Struggle with autonomy and sense of control. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Over time, persons with AN develop severe deficiencies and malnutrition indicated by significantly low body weight. Most genetic mutations that occur to an organism's DNA are, B.helpful to the organism's survival. Autonomy is defined as a core psychological need that transpires as individuals' ability to act in a self-determinant manner and with an internal perceived locus of control.45 Several theories have emphasized the role of specific family patterns in the development of AN, such as enmeshment, overprotection, rigidity, conflict avoidance, and involvement of the child in parental conflicts.46-47 More specifically, hypotheses suggest that the development of AN is a manifestation of individuals' inability to develop autonomy, and a maladaptive effort to cope with emotions and regain control of self and personhood.46-47 During acute treatment, individuals with AN need to experience a sense of initiative and volition as well as mastery and effectiveness to foster autonomy and a sense of control, which will lead to the gradual acceptance of change and better outcomes.48-49 Studies that examined nursing care for adolescents with AN on an inpatient unit, described different phases of effective nursing care, including (a) the directional and controlling approach in which patients relinquish complete control over eating and exercise; (b) the supervisory approach in which patients gradually regain control and nurses are primary role modeling and challenging eating disorder cognitions, and (c) the supportive approach in which patients are encouraged towards independent decision making.13,16,20-21 Acute treatment requires individuals to relinquish control and adhere to treatment protocols.
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