Carter Presidency Project. Read More. Moe, Terry. White House Workers Timeline We encourage researchers to contact the Library before making a research visit. Of course, at the outset the obvious must be stipulated: the specific impact of size (larger, smaller, change per se) on any unit or staff group will depend a great deal on the aides' tasks and on the circumstances surrounding them at any given time. From 1933 to 1939, as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression, Roosevelt relied on his "brain trust" of top advisers, who were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments, from which they drew their salaries, since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions. www.whitehousehistory.org and shop.whitehousehistory.org [15], The president had the power to reorganize the Executive Office due to the 1949 Reorganization Act which gave the president considerable discretion, until 1983 when it was renewed due to President Reagan's administration allegedly encountering "disloyalty and obstruction".[15]. At the same time, those Democrats had become more independent, and the 1970s congressional "reforms" had produced a far more fragmented yet formidably staffed institution. Earlier memos document the key role of Haldeman in planning these reductions. antonymes. (n23.) The number of public liaison professionals never dropped below five because other offices, notably one serving minorities, were authorized at virtually the same time. The White House Historical Association has undertaken a research initiative called "Slavery in the President's Neighborhood." With this initiative, the Association seeks to tell the stories of the enslaved and free African Americans who built, lived, and worked at the White House, as well as the surrounding homes on Lafayette Park. Although Carter hoped to increase outreach to the poor, elderly, disabled, and racial and ethnic minorities, Costanza broadened her mandate to include supporters of draft amnesty, abortion rights, and gay and lesbian rights. Ragsdale, Lyn. Thousands of Images covering the History of the White House, Official White House Ornaments, Books & More, Slavery in the President's Neighborhood Initiative, Ursula Granger Hughes, Edith Fossett, and Frances Hern. The office encompassed two subunits at its outset: the White House Office (WHO) and the Bureau of the Budget, the predecessor to today's Office of Management and Budget, which had been created in 1921 and originally located in the Treasury Department. The number of full-time White House staffers declined between 1941 and 1942 and stayed at the lower level through 1946, presumably because the White House per se had relatively less to do with the onset of World War II. [2] The details of the wedding preparations soon appeared in newspapers. Yet, in most recent White Houses, such aides--those at the level of staff assistant and above--probably number more or less one hundred. (n18) This expansion coincided with many of Nixon's major legislative initiatives. See Walcott and Hult (1995, chap. Among those working as laborers and gardeners on the White House grounds in 1888 were employees born in France, Germany, Ireland, Scotland, and Switzerland, as well as Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Currently, the 132-room Executive Mansion requires approximately 90 employees to complete myriad daily tasks. White House Office, 1934 to 1980. How Good White House Chiefs of Staff Have Made Presidencies Read More. 1997. The Characteristics of White House Staff Appointees from Truman - JSTOR In all three White Houses, then, one sees the interplay of environmental conditions and strategic response, but the combinations differ rather strikingly. Executive Office of the President of the United States - Wikipedia jane.doe@who.eop.gov) and [first]_ [last] (ex. The slain President's brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, invited Bruce to walk with members of the Kennedy family to JFK's memorial service at St. Matthew's Cathedral. Read More. American Government Ch. 12 Flashcards | Quizlet (n5.) No newspapers. 1997. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. Overall size of the WHO; Disaggregation of the White House staff; Pattern of growth in congressional relations; Details on the public liaison staff; Conclusions. After the United States entered World War II, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was a frequent guest in the Roosevelt White House. (n17) The unit grew between mid-1970 and early 1971, in part due to dissatisfaction with its performance. His approach both reduced staff capacity to respond to external demands for presidential speech and diminished presidential capacity by removing speechwriting as a vehicle for integrating policy substance, political tactics, and public relations. If a FOIA contains assets in addition to pages, unless otherwise stated, the assets are not currently available online. (n6) These numbers then recovered under Truman and Eisenhower and remained relatively stable until rising under Nixon. Charles Colson's operation under Nixon started with a small staff in April 1971 but grew rapidly. Two of the tasks--speechwriting and congressional relations--have been lodged in the White House for most of the "modern presidency." Spin control.' (n3.) to provide Established in 1997 information to incoming White House staff members so that they can hit the ground running, The White House Transition Project includes a group of presidency scholars from across the country who participate in writing essays about past transitions and the inner workings of key White House offices.Since its creation. 1998. The swelling of the presidency. According to the "2017 Annual Report to Congress on White House Office Personnel," the Trump White House included 377 staff members as of June 30, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/pcast/staff/?utm_source=link, Office of the United States Trade Representative. Although each of the units explored here evolved along different paths and varied somewhat across administrations, considered together they point to a final irony. Some of these articles questioned the experience of new West Wing employees, but there was no questioning their work ethic. Duties of the White House Staff - The executive branch The Obama White House recently released the salaries of its 487 staffers. After August 1978, for example, the Office of Public Liaison (OPL) officially disappeared. For additional figures, see Hart (1995b, 116). That is, what difference does the size of the unit or the collection of staffers devoted to any particular task make? Many of these were short-term replacements for regular staff who took leave to campaign. Distribution of annual salaries of Trump White House staff members, List of top-paid staff members in Trump White House, Historical overview of Trump White House staff members, 2017-2019, Opinion polling during the Trump administration, Donald Trump's first foreign trip as president, May 2017, Donald Trumps trip to Asia, November 2017, Days from nomination to confirmation for Trump administration officials, U.S. Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland, Economic affairs and government regulations, President Obama's Immigration Accountability Executive Actions, Republican effort to defund Planned Parenthood, 2015, Economic policy and government regulations, The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, Iran nuclear agreement: U.S. withheld cash until hostages were released, Congressional investigation of CENTCOMs intelligence reports on the Islamic State, Historical overview of Trump White House staff members. (n8.) The unit's subsequent lack of growth apparently reflects the decision to respond to Watergate primarily by adding lawyers, not congressional relations (or most other) staffers. January 8, 2021 . Users may also consult the Guide to Textual Holdings for more information about . In some accounts, this is evidence that Nixon radically increased the size of the White House staff. [14], Some observers have noted a problem of control for the president due to the increase in staff and departments, making coordination and cooperation between the various departments of the Executive Office more difficult. !function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r Links to series without digitized material will open the Finding Aid. GRAPH: FIGURE 1. Thomas F. Pendel was a White House doorman from the Abraham Lincoln administration to the turn of the 20th century. By 1900, the White House staff included one "secretary to the president" (then the title of the president's chief aide), two assistant secretaries, two executive clerks, a stenographer, and seven other office personnel. For that reason, the numbers were somewhat understated. The highest-paid administration staffer, the president's director of public health policy, David . https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Trump_White_House_staff&oldid=8430128, Donald Trump presidential administration advisors and staff, Conflicts in school board elections, 2021-2022, Environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) policy, Special Congressional elections (2023-2024), 2022 Congressional Competitiveness Report, State Executive Competitiveness Report, 2022, State Legislative Competitiveness Report, 2022, Partisanship in 2022 United States local elections, Special Representative for Disaster Recovery, Assistant to the President and Special Representative for International Negotiations, Assistant to the President and Senior Counselor, Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy to the First Lady, Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, Assistant to the President and Director of Strategic Communications, Assistant to the President and Press Secretary, Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff to the First Lady and Spokesperson, Assistant to the President and Counselor to the President, Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, Assistant to the President and Director of Oval Office Operations, Assistant to the President and Director of Presidential Personnel, Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff, Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the President for Policy, Assistant to the President for Trade and Manufacturing Policy, Assistant to the President and Cabinet Secretary, Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor, Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor, Assistant to the President and Acting Director of the Domestic Policy Council, Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff for Communications, Assistant to the President and Acting Director of the Office of Legislative Affairs, Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of White House Management and Administration and Director of the Office of Administration, Deputy Assistant to the President and Principal Deputy Press Secretary, Deputy Assistant to the President for Presidential Scheduling and Advance, Deputy Assistant to the President and Advisor for Policy, Strategy, and Speechwriting, Deputy Assistant to the President for Operations, Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Intergovernmental Affairs, Deputy Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff to the Senior Counselor, Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Political Affairs, Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy Staff Secretary, Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Presidential Advance, Deputy Assistant to the President and Social Secretary, Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of the Office of Public Liaison, Deputy Assistant to the President for Strategic Initiatives, Deputy Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff to the Advisor, Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Presidential Correspondence, Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy Director of the Office of American Innovation, Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of White House Information Technology, Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the Chief of Staff and Senior Communications Advisor, Assistant to the President for Planning and Implementation, Deputy Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Deputy Director of the National Economic Council, Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy Policy Coordinator, Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs, Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Operations for the Office of the First Lady, Deputy Assistant to the President and Advisor to White House Counsel, Deputy Assistant to the President and Advisor to the Senior Advisor, Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy Director of Communications, Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy Director of the Office of Public Liaison, Deputy Assistant to the President and Executive Assistant to the President, Deputy Assistant to the President and Advisor for Policy, Economic affairs and government regulations, 2017-2020, Foreign affairs and national security, 2017-2020, Marcia L. Kelly, senior advisor to the first lady, Paula M. White, advisor to the White House Faith and Opportunity Initiative, Reed Cordish, assistant to the president for intergovernmental and technology initiatives. Saturday Review 1 (February 1973): 30-36. PLEASE READ THESE TERMS OF USE (THE " John Quincy Adams hired Antoine Michel Giusta as his valet after they met in Belgium in 1814. Here, however, it is the Nixon and Ford staffs whose numbers fluctuated, while Carter's speech staff remained virtually the same size throughout his administration. Office of the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator, Office of the United States Trade Representative, https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/executive-office-of-the-president/?utm_source=link. The highest-paid staff member was John Czwartacki, the senior advisor to the chief of staff for strategy and stakeholder engagement. Such a conclusion, for instance, can be drawn from the data presented in Ragsdale (1998, 266; cf. (n15.) We can approach such questions by looking at two of the units examined here, speechwriting and public liaison. 9). Thousands of Images covering the History of the White House, Official White House Ornaments, Books & More. The education program provides engaging, hands-on classroom resources, professional development programming, information on the Civics for All of US program, and more. Biden White House staff - Ballotpedia Nixon's aides did likewise, but this was handled by the speechwriting office. After a period of growth, OPL began to lose staff, crashing to extinction when Costanza left the White House in mid-1978 after Carter's White House cutting had decimated her staff.(n27). See, for instance, B. Kehrli to Haldeman, December 12,1972, White House Subject Files, Staff Member and Office Files, Box 127, "[Memos, Written and Typed]," Nixon Presidential Materials Project. Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS. Attention focuses on three offices (congressional relations, speechwriting, and public liaison) in the Nixon, Ford, and Carter administrations as illustrations of the varying patterns in and explanations of changes in staff size. (n13) Too frequently, those who explore White House staffing or who urge downsizing risk committing various versions of the ecological fallacy--for instance, assuming staff reductions were, or should be, uniform across units or that Government Manual listings of (some) senior staff capture the structural dynamics of the entire WHO. In a previous work (Walcott and Hult 1995), we proposed that structural changes in the WHO can be explained in terms of three kinds of independent variables: environmental factors (acting through the mechanism of a "rational," or strategic, president protecting advantages), presidential preferences (independent of particular environmental influences), and organizational influences such as inertia, the "differentiation dynamic," and "partisan learning. Walcott, Charles E., and Karen M. Hult. 1998. Ancillary White House staff has been evacuated. Washington, DC 20500. Thomas Jefferson had one messenger and one secretary at his disposal, both of whose salaries were paid by the president personally. See, for instance, Connor to Richard Cheney, September 18, 1995, James E. Connor Files, Box 21, "White House Staff Reductions (5)," Ford Presidential Library. Additional documents from White House staff files are available for research at the William J. Clinton Presidential Library and Museum. Our answers at this point must be tentative, given the limitations of the data and the analysis. Staff during the Clinton Administration were known to work long hours, seven days a week in a White House that was constantly on-call. Congressional staffers are tasked with drafting policies, planning legislative rollouts, monitoring staff pay rates and scheduling committee . Staff Spotlight pages also provide portals to related digitized collections. The Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP) comprises the offices and agencies that support the work of the president at the center of the executive branch of the United States federal government.The office consists of several offices and agencies, such as the White House Office (the staff working directly for and reporting to the president, including West Wing staff and . A second is the heightening interest that the administration was taking in trying to guide the activities of several of its members (including the vice president, Cabinet members, and friendly members of Congress) by writing their major political and policy speeches for them. The core White House staff positions and most Executive Office positions are generally not required to be confirmed by the Senate.The positions that require Senate confirmation include: the director of the Office of Management and Budget, the chair and members of the Council of Economic Advisers, and . Robertson, Stephen L. 1997. To an unprecedented degree, Carter staffers took official leaves during this period to campaign. Eisenhower, a former U.S. Army general, had been Supreme Allied Commander during the war, and reorganized the Executive Office to suit his leadership style. Posted by Keturah Hetrick on July 5, 2023. More critically, there seems to be rather little basis for assuming that problems often linked to growth and thickening are apt to be constant over either time or space. A third point requiring comment is the clear shrinkage of the "special projects" category after 1970 and its disappearance after 1973. (n15) Structuring for each task emerged and became institutionalized(n16) at different points over the past several decades, exhibited variable patterns of growth and decline, and requires somewhat different explanations of the changes in staff size. If the sizes of the Nixon and Ford writing staffs responded to the electoral cycle, growing as elections approached and contracting after, they also were roughly consistent with the overall staffing patterns of the two administrations. In the 1960s and later, by contrast, as the parties continued to weaken as key players in presidential selection, environmental pressures and incentives to place campaign direction in the White House mounted (cf. Staff Director Al McDonald traced this strategy to Wexler's conception of public liaison responding to a fragmented public (McDonald 1981). Vital statistics on the presidency: From Washington to Clinton. The office is overseen by the White House chief of staff. Perhaps even more convincing are the explanations of those findings. Brown's annual salary was $190,289. See, for example, Collier (1997) and Wexler (1981). Miller Center interview. The whole family [of President Theodore Roosevelt] were fiends when it came to reading. List of Executive Office appointments by Joe Biden - Wikipedia But the patterns are not so simple. They may have hired additional free or enslaved African-American workers. Twenty-four staff members earned $180,000 or more. However, it laid the groundwork for the large and organizationally complex White House staff that emerged during the presidencies of Roosevelt's successors.[12]. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly. Again, administration officials, at least in retrospect, were cognizant of such constraints. During the 19th century, presidents had few staff resources. The White House chief of staff (COS)a job first appearing under Dwight Eisenhoweris a critical position that can shape the overall success or failure of a presidency. During the Taft administration he was appointed Chief Usher, and he held this job until he died in 1933. Policymakers and wordsmiths: Writing for the president under Johnson and Nixon. The complexity of this normative analysis reinforces a larger implication of our findings: to be fully understood, the White House organization must be studied not just as a whole but also in terms of its component parts. Second, units for all three of the tasks appeared in these three White Houses and have remained there since then. Thirty-six staff members were detailees temporarily assigned to the White House from another agency or department. Nonetheless, one must note that the campaign effect for Eisenhower seems to have been modest, since seventy-eight new positions were added in 1956 by the first special projects appropriation. The George W. Bush Foundation owns and operates the George W. Bush Presidential Museum. McDonald, Al. Presumably, the staff growth that most critics fear, but relatively few stress, is that in the permanent, noncareer, professional ranks. Certainly, however, staff growth is not necessarily the path to an effective presidency. Mail Analysis - Photo/Printing Division Files, Presidential Proclamations - Blue Line Proclamations, Presidential Proclamations - Proclamations, Thomas (Tommy) von der Heydt - Bush Record Policy Memos, B. Alexander (Sandy) Kress - Education Emails, Emails Brett Kavanaugh was Carbon Copied On, Emails Brett Kavanaugh was Blind Carbon Copied On. The average salary for paid staff members was $98,614. The chief of staff is sneaky powerful. Here's what they actually do - Mic July 02, 20097:33 PM. (n6.) In Carter's case, presidential preference, a clear sensitivity to the prevailing environmental critique of staff size, and, perhaps, partisan learning effectively counteracted environmental shifts toward a more public presidency. Our emphasis here is on size alone. Here Are All the Officials Who Have Left the Trump Administration 1981. A Washington correspondent. The White House Staff are personal assistants to the President. 1790s - 2000s. By the time of the 1972 election, however, the congressional staff had shrunk to eight professionals, only slightly larger than it had been in mid-1970 (or under LBJ). The Ford and Carter patterns contrast more sharply, indicating the radically different legislative opportunities each administration faced. Trump White House staff - Ballotpedia PDF Name Status Salary Since 1878, American presidents and their families have celebrated Easter Monday by hosting an "egg roll" party. By . What are the dimensions of the White House? PDF The White House Transition Project
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