stokes and anti stokes scattering

The vibrational energy levels according to the QHO are, where n is a quantum number. 2 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The black dashed curves are guides to the eye. Stimulated Raman scattering leading to the generation of four first-order Stokes modes at shifts of 862.9, 1035, 2967 and 3086 cm1, one second-order Stokes mode at a shift of 2032.5 cm1 and one first-order anti-Stokes mode at a shift of 946.3 cm1 has been measured in an experiment using liquid toluene. [12] For solids, phonon modes may also be observed. 11 0 obj J.Y. In addition to enabling observation of all six branches of zone center lattice vibrations, the C excitons in the photon-electron-phonon interaction Raman process have interesting impacts on Raman intensity. Funct. >> The intensity of Rayleigh scattering is around 10 7 times that of Stokes scattering. Phys. Backward stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), i.e. Rev. /Pages 2 0 R 10, 104202 (2015), Wang, T., Wang, L., Liu, Y.M., Bai, C.H., Wang, D.Y., Wang, H.F., Zhang, S.: Temperature-resistant generation of robust entanglement with blue-detuning driving and mechanical gain. /Type /Page /Resources 16 0 R [14], Molecular vibrational energy is known to be quantized and can be modeled using the quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) approximation or a Dunham expansion when anharmonicity is important. is the wavenumber of the laser and . 0 z Raman scattering - Wikipedia Introduction Raman spectroscopy is a well-known technique that provides chemical and structural information ofvarious compounds, from the measurement of vibrational states of a molecule or compound. Light may be pulsed, so that beats do not appear. As a result, the C excitons located near the Brillouin zone center ()13 are in the visible range around 2.5eV11, which we take advantage of to investigate the resonance effects reported here. Rev. : Distant entanglement enhanced in \({\cal{PT}}\)-symmetric optomechanics, Phys. 15 0 obj u << ) /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.28 841.89] The oscillation or perturbation of the electron cloud results in a periodic separation of charge within the molecules, which is called an induced dipole moment. h provided correct acknowledgement is given. Article /Type /Page Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy associated with the intervalley double resonance process in carbon materials is a unique technique to reveal the relationship between their characteristic electronic band structures and phonon dispersion. << 4b we plot as a function of the breathing mode phonon energy for 2 through 5 layer MoTe2 with all three excitation wavelengths. M (It is this fact that makes the sky blue, the shorter wavelength blue components in the Suns light are Rayleigh scattered in the atmosphere far more than the longer wavelengths. yxhUT@*d5wqR $x%\#F.mXa_lA,l6JFBIbt}c6rPK16",28.sRT)(%N^O%QL3Q0[BC8KZ8f%]FO#^j}H6u+G.Yv/*]T*a:IcsA{u.tdpj>?>F9aEj#!(*_y&-Jj`\L,h{`11sYA,JmQ^pY0Iyk1*T]eDkh^^yfy##P &A5B]u33H7Q&aAx,VE_W Sci. >> : Controllable optical response by modifying the gain and loss of a mechanicalresonator and cavity mode in an optomechanical system. 10 0 obj 4 Because lasers were not available until more than three decades after the discovery of the effect, Raman and Krishnan used a mercury lamp and photographic plates to record spectra. (a) Experimental Raman data for the breathing mode of 5 layer MoTe2 using 2.33, 2.41 and 2.54eV excitations. Raman received the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light. 15, 23362342 (2015). 2 It is quite remarkable that the C exciton resonance at room temperature can amplify this minute change in energy to switch the relative Stokesanti-Stokes Raman cross-section. Suppose that the distance between two points A and B of an exciting beam is x. From Bulk to Monolayer MoS2: Evolution of Raman Scattering. A molecule can be excited to a higher vibrational mode through the direct absorption of a photon of the appropriate energy, which falls in the terahertz or infrared range. Raman amplification is used in optical amplifiers. 3 0 obj Effectively, this amplifies the Stokes light in the presence of the pump light, which is exploited in Raman amplifiers and Raman lasers. Instituto de Fsica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteri, Brazil. Rev. Nature 493, 504508 (2013). = The Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering of the D mode in defected graphene and the 2D mode in bilayer graphene associated with intervalley double resonance Raman processes is also reported. Where it is necessary to distinguish Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering we shall define to be positive for Stokes scattering and negative for anti-Stokes scattering, that is = 0 + (see Fig. Lett. On the other hand, stimulated Raman scattering can take place when some Stokes photons have previously been generated by spontaneous Raman scattering (and somehow forced to remain in the material), or when deliberately injecting Stokes photons ("signal light") together with the original light ("pump light"). The IC mode appears to display non-monotonic dependence on layer numbers and develops an asymmetric shape for 4L and 5L samples. contracts here. A Novel Photo-Thermal-Electric Conversion System with an Integrated Support Material. As with IR spectroscopy, only fundamental excitations ( endobj Rev. Lett. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. PMC A 84, 052327 (2011), Bai, C.H., Wang, D.Y., Wang, H.F., Zhu, A.D., Zhang, S.: Robust entanglement between a movable mirror and atomic ensemble and entanglement transfer in coupled optomechanical system. The tube is pump-purged with ultra-high purity argon gas and sealed at low pressure prior to growth. Thus Stokes scattering gives a wavenumber of M For a linear molecule, the number of vibrational modes is 3N-5, whereas for a non-linear molecule the number of vibrational modes is 3N-6. /Parent 2 0 R If the molecule is promoted from a ground to a virtual state and then drops back down to a (higher energy) vibrational state then the scattered photon has less energy than the incident photon, and therefore a longer wavelength. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Raman spectroscopy has been used to chemically image small molecules, such as nucleic acids, in biological systems by a vibrational tag. the anti-Stokes scattering is expected due to the resonance Raman eect compared to Stokes scattering.2,11,12 Having evaluated the separate contributions of thermal and resonance eects on the far-eld anti-Stokes/Stokes ratio, we now focus on the spectrum depicted in Figure 2b, which was acquired in the presence of the TERS tip. endobj Belgium and Luxembourg lie to the north, Germany to the east, and Switzerland to the south. The disparity depends on the spacing of the energy levels. Total Mo and Te are kept in a stoichiometric 2:1 ratio with sufficient MoCl5 to achieve a Cl density of 2mg/cm3. Rep. 3, 1755 (2013). : Single-photon generation by pulsed laser in optomechanical system via photon blockade effect. [4]According to the Boltzmann . Lett. ACS Nano 8, 59115920 (2014). [citation needed]. Bromley, R. A., Murray, R. B. For samples thicker than bilayer the Raman spectra display Davydov splitting due to interlayer interactions. Xiao, D., Liu, G., Bin, Feng, W., Xu, X. We confirmed the monolayer nature of those samples using Raman spectroscopy (details below) and combined this with the 0.7nm interlayer step height to quantify multi-layer samples. Classical theory Prediction of Weyl semimetal in orthorhombic MoTe 2. r Rev. , National Library of Medicine /Parent 2 0 R /Rotate 0 and S.-Y.C. Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering in mono- and bilayer - PubMed The excitation energy (Eex)-dependent frequency discrepancy between anti-Stokes and Stokes components of the 2D mode ((2D)) is observed, which is in good agreement with the theoretical results. Express 27, 2958129593 (2019). Stokes intensities have been normalized, showing the difference in anti-Stokes intensity between different excitation energies. Rev. ~ 12, 207211 (2013). J This is because anti-Stokes Raman scattering involves transitions to a lower energy state from a populated higher energy states. Absorption of a photon excites the molecule to the imaginary state and re-emission leads to Raman or Rayleigh scattering. Appl. Each breathing mode energy corresponds to a different layer number: 5 layer to 2 layer, from low to high energy. Berkdemir, A. et al. 14, 62316236 (2014). We also observe a peculiar phenomenon in which the anti-Stokes Raman peak becomes more intense than the Stokes peak, which is contrary to the usual intuition from Boson statistics and could potentially serve as a laser cooling channel for the atomically thin 2D crystals. However, because of MoTe2s small optical band gap11, the visible lasers used here can access the C excitons arising from electron states in the vicinity of the point23. So for the less widely spaced rotational levels, the Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering are of similar magnitude. This is attributed to the nonlinear dispersion of the in-plane transverse optical (iTO) phonon branch near the K point, confirmed by the nonlinear Eex-dependent frequency of the 2D mode ((2D)) in the range of 1.583.81 eV. Phys. Am. : Strong dispersive coupling of a high-finesse cavity to a micromechanical membrane. Copyright Clearance Center request page. [citation needed]. Phys. 1). We discovered that the anti-Stokes intensities deviate from their expected values, to the point of being more intense than the Stokes intensities, with the intensity ratio tunable via resonance with the C exciton. Investigations of multi- and mono-layer MoTe2 transistor devices6,7,8 have probed the semiconductors band gap and transport properties, revealing ambipolar charge conduction channels and a stable metallic T phase which is potentially a type-II Weyl semimetal9,10 and can be used to make Ohmic homojunction contacts6. [7], Modern Raman spectroscopy nearly always involves the use of lasers as an exciting light source. Normally this is thought of in terms of wavenumbers, where is given for anti-Stokes. >> Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering The difference in intensity of the Stokes and anti-Stokes components is due to the different number of molecules in each state initially. 2 Unified Description of the Optical Phonon Modes in N-Layer MoTe2. x Rev. Opt. Phys. This process can also be seen as a special case of four-wave mixing, in which the frequencies of the two incident photons are equal and the emitted spectra are found in two bands separated from the incident light by the phonon energies. It can be described using a third-order nonlinear susceptibility y : Controllable optical response in a three-mode optomechanical system by driving the cavities on different sidebands. Phys. Raman scattering and anomalous Stokesanti-Stokes ratio in MoTe. /Parent 2 0 R /Contents 27 0 R << Nature 444, 6770 (2006), Kepesidis, K.V., Bennett, S.D., Portolan, S., Lukin, M.D., Rabl, P.: Phonon cooling and lasing with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. your institution. DOI: 10.1039/C8NR04554B. Time-thermo-dynamics of anti-Stokes and Stokes scattering and For 1L-MoTe2 the S and B modes are absent since interlayer vibrations only occur in multi-layers and the odd IC and OMC modes are not Raman active; this is in agreement with the observation of only the OC and IMC modes in the monolayer (black) spectra in Fig. Thus, Stokes scattering results in a red shift, while anti-stokes scattering results in a blue shift. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2756 841.8614] The initial Raman spectrum is built up with spontaneous emission and is amplified later on. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2756 841.8614] An official website of the United States government. , Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy can provide high resolution, high speed, high sensitivity, and non-invasive imaging of specific biomolecules without labeling. /Names 4 0 R In general, a normal mode is Raman active if it transforms with the same symmetry of the quadratic forms /Im1 44 0 R Froehlicher, G. et al. Anti-Stokes/Stokes temperature calibration and its - IOPscience FOIA : Steady state entanglement in the mechanical vibrations of two dielectric membranes. How to cite this article: Goldstein, T. et al. The Raman-scattering process as described above takes place spontaneously; i.e., in random time intervals, one of the many incoming photons is scattered by the material. Those anti-Stokes results are believed to be a special case of the general case of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). In the original description of the inverse Raman effect,[25] the authors discuss both absorption from a continuum of higher frequencies and absorption from a continuum of lower frequencies. Typically this effect involves vibrational energy being gained by a molecule as incident photons from a visible laser are shifted to lower energy. A 91, 043843 (2015), He, Y.: Sensitivity of optical mass sensor enhanced by optomechanical coupling. With the tunneling interaction between two optical modes, we not only observe the Fano and optical absorption effects in the red-detuned regime but also find two controllable singular points representing the considerable optical amplification effect in the blue-detuned regime and analyze the conversion between fast light and slow light. : Enhancement of entanglement in distant mechanical vibrations via modulation in a coupled optomechanical system. Jones, A. M. et al. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2756 841.8614] The molecule relaxes back to a lower vibrational state than it had originally. A 89, 014302 (2014), Liao, C.G., Chen, R.X., Xie, H., Lin, X.M. 2c 2nd panel are the same breathing mode peaks as in the 1st panel; they are present under both the z(xy)z and z(xx)z configuration, though their intensity is much less than that of the breathing mode, which is only present under the z(xx)z configuration. They are called virtual because it does not correspond to any quantum state of the molecule. /Parent 2 0 R J.T. [27], Stimulated Raman scattering and Raman amplification, Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry), "Raman Microspectroscopic Imaging of Binder Remnants in Historical Mortars Reveals Processing Conditions", "Progress in ultrahigh energy resolution EELS", "What is polarised Raman spectroscopy? Also we take note that the Stokesanti-Stokes photon energy difference for the 5L-MoTe2 breathing mode is only about 3meV, corresponding to about 0.15% of the total photon energy. The specific selection rules state that the allowed rotational transitions are 2011 Mar 22;5(3):1600-5. doi: 10.1021/nn200010m. \(\left( { - {E \over {{k_B}T}}} \right)\), Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy. Rev. School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, Peoples Republic of China, Tie Wang,Cheng-Hua Bai,Dong-Yang Wang&Shutian Liu, Department of Physics, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, Peoples Republic of China, You can also search for this author in Anti-Stokes Scattering The molecule begins in a vibrationally excited state. Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering Raman scattering (sometimes called the Raman effect) is named after Indian physicist C. V. Raman who discovered it in 1928, though predictions had been made of such an inelastic scattering of light as far back as 1922. {\displaystyle \Delta \nu =\pm 1} & Yao, W. Coupled spin and valley physics in monolayers of MoS2 and other group-VI dichalcogenides. Phys. 0 Cardona, M. Light Scattering in Solids II. To obtain The disadvantage of intrinsic noise due to the initial spontaneous process can be overcome by seeding a spectrum at the beginning, or even using a feedback loop as in a resonator to stabilize the process. Yamamoto, M. et al. I Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Phys. A 92, 033806 (2015), Zhang, J.Q., Li, Y., Feng, M., Xu, Y.: Precision measurement of electrical charge with optomechanically induced transparency. ADS [1] It isderived from inelastic scattering of a laser radiation by matter. We grew bulk MoTe2 crystals using chemical vapor transport with chlorine as the transport agent, as illustrated in Fig. If this weak signal is used for . DeepDyve is the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. The following focuses on the theory of normal (non-resonant, spontaneous, vibrational) Raman scattering of light by discrete molecules. Ad-Block Detected : ( (. , << (b) Atomic displacements of the six prototypical TMDC point optical phonons. For this reason, Raman scattering in some contexts implies Stokes Raman scattering, even though . , then the vibrations at that frequency are depolarized; meaning they are not totally symmetric.[19][18]. Raman: Theory - Chemistry LibreTexts Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies /Im0 43 0 R Note that the impact of the polynomial is typically much smaller than the exponential thus Ias is expected to be less intense than Is, a condition which is ubiquitously observed in most material systems. endobj To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Goldstein, T., Chen, SY., Tong, J. et al. Grand Est, region of France created in 2016 by the union of the former regions of Alsace, Lorraine, and Champagne-Ardenne. However, despite having different step heights between the substrate and monolayer, optical contrast remains the same across different crystals with the same layer number. Ei is used todesignate the photon energy of the incident beam. Nano Lett. The disparity is also reduced with increased temperature, and the difference can be used as a measure of temperature. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. , where to access the full features of the site or access our, State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China, CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, and College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China, Instituto de Fsica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteri, Brazil, Editors Choice: Optical Spectroscopy of 2D materials, Graphene Turns 15: Bio-implications and Bio-applications. Figure 1. /Font 42 0 R Google Scholar, Zhang, X.Y., Zhou, Y.H., Guo, Y.Q., Yi, X.X. By PSIBERG Team Last Updated: June 18th, 2023. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2756 841.8614] This is called anti-Stokes scattering. [citation needed]. Figure 1c,d show optical microscope images of typical atomic flakes of MoTe2. y /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2756 841.8614] acknowledges support from Office of Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation (EFRI-1433496). The amount of anti-Stokes scattering is even less than this. Article /Parent 2 0 R Phys. Tip-Enhanced Stokes Anti-Stokes Scattering from Carbyne - ACS Publications Tightly bound trions in monolayer MoS2. 1 Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering are performed on atomic layers of hexagonal molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2), a prototypical transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) semiconductor. S1 shows data on 10 monolayer samples; the AFM step height varies significantly from one sample to another, including five samples with step heights close to or above 1.4nm, giving those samples an ambiguous layer number by AFM alone. X. Cong, J. Wu, M. Lin, X. Liu, W. Shi, P. Venezuela and P. Tan, Zhao, Y. et al. Use of Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering for new applications Strelchuk VV, Nikolenko AS, Gubanov VO, Biliy MM, Bulavin LA. B 91, 235409 (2015). << Abstract Carbyne, a linear chain of carbon atoms, is the truly one-dimensional allotrope of carbon and the strongest known Raman scatterer. 110, 120503 (2013), Bhattacharya, M., Meystre, P.: Multiple membrane cavity optomechanics. Raman scattering and anomalous Stokesanti-Stokes ratio in MoTe2 atomic layers. A.R. B 115409 (2016). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Except where otherwise noted, content is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Step 1 in Fig. Rep. 6, 28024; doi: 10.1038/srep28024 (2016). 2c), the IC vibrations are composed of two sets of modes consistently red-shifting with increasing number of layers. The intensity of Rayleigh scattering is about 103 to 104 compared to the intensity of the exciting source. Electronic and Optical Properties of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes. 109, 013603 (2012), Rips, S., Hartmann, M.J.: Quantum information processing with nanomechanical qubits. 98, 030405 (2007), Mari, A., Eisert, J.: Gently modulating optomechanical systems. Several tricks may be used to get a larger amplitude: In labs, femtosecond laser pulses must be used because the ISRS becomes very weak if the pulses are too long. The small peaks in the 2nd panel (*) are the shear mode peaks shown in more detail in the 1st panel. /Title The intensities of the pairs of features will typically differ, though. All authors contributed to writing the manuscript. A 91, 013834 (2015), Wang, D.Y., Bai, C.H., Wang, H.F., Zhu, A.D., Zhang, S.: Steady-state mechanical squeezing in a double-cavity optomechanical system. endobj Raman scattering or the Raman effect ( / rmn /) is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter, meaning that there is both an exchange of energy and a change in the light's direction. In the former Soviet Union, Raman's contribution was always disputed; thus in Russian scientific literature the effect is usually referred to as "combination scattering" or "combinatory scattering". New J. Phys. Rev. The mono-, bi- and tri-layers are distinguishable under SEM, with the image becoming brighter with an increase in layer number, indicating that more secondary electrons are emitted from thicker samples. Consequently, the 3N degrees of freedom are partitioned into molecular translational, rotational, and vibrational motion. >> Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering with single-molecule sensitivity (Figure 1) Stokes and Anti-Stokes scattering are called Raman scattering which can provide the vibration/rotation information. : Double optomechanically induced transparency and absorption in parity-time-symmetric optomechanical system. << Phys. This is called normal Stokes Raman scattering. A 97, 042314 (2018), Li, J., Haghighi, I.M., Malossi, N., Zippilli, S., Vitali, D.: Generation and detection of large and robust entanglement between two different mechanical resonators in cavity optomechanics. 15, 64816489 (2015). This is extremely short lived (on the order of 10-14 seconds) and the molecule soon drops back down to its ground state, releasing a photon. assisted with SEM characterization of the samples. The population follows the Boltzmann distribution: \(N \propto \exp \)\(\left( { - {E \over {{k_B}T}}} \right)\). Energy diagrams of Stokes, Rayleigh, and. Nature 472, 6973 (2011), Jing, H., zdemir, S.K., L, X.Y., Zhang, J., Yang, L., Nori, F.: \(\cal{PT}\)-symmetric phonon laser. Lui, C. H., Ye, Z., Keiser, C., Barros, E. B. Nano Lett. & Heinz, T. F. Optical Properties and Band Gap of Single- and Few-Layer MoTe2 Crystals. Phys. This article is part of the themed collections. << With this interpretation (dashed fitting curves of Fig. ~ 5 0 obj /Type /Page The scattering of blue light from its direct path from the Sun also causes the Sun itself to appear yellow.). Nature 452, 7275 (2008), Yan, X.B., Jia, W.Z., Li, Y., Wu, J.H., Li, X.L., Mu, H.W. /Contents 29 0 R Diagrammatic representation of an energy transfer model of Rayleigh scattering, Stokes Raman and anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Article In the collection path, a broadband polarization rotator and a linear polarizer are used to selectively detect scattered light with polarization either parallel or perpendicular to that of the incident light. 3b is shared by the Stokes and anti-Stokes process and the differences of step 2 are purely in occupation number, so neither can explain the anti-Stokes intensity. Rev. conceived the experiment. /Contents 41 0 R A stronger anti-Stokes peak implies that more phonons are annihilated than created in the crystal suggesting that, from the electron-photon-phonon interaction process, anti-Stokes Raman scattering could provide a cooling channel in atomically thin TMDC crystals. Light scattering by a molecule is associated with oscillations of an induced electric dipole. et al. Using polarization-resolved Raman scattering we have unambiguously identified all six types of zone-center optical phonons. Phy. /Resources 21 0 R Phys. In a typical, lowest-order Raman scattering process for zone-center optical phonons, there are three steps involved as shown in Fig. Phys. Sun, Y., Wu, S., Ali, M. N., Felser, C. & Yan, B. The effect is exploited by chemists and physicists to gain information about materials for a variety of purposes by performing various forms of Raman spectroscopy. z & Hersam, M. C. Emerging device applications for semiconducting two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. endobj Bilayer MoTe2 has one Raman active mode for each of the six types of zone center optical phonons, consistent with the six peaks observed in bilayer (red) spectra. Soc. Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS), The difference in intensity of the Stokes and anti-Stokes components is due to the different number of molecules in each state initially. << Opt. Figure 4a shows Raman data (normalized by Stokes intensities) for 5L-MoTe2 excited by 488nm (2.54eV), 514nm (2.41eV) and 532nm (2.33eV) respectively. 1 State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China. PubMedGoogle Scholar. /Type /Page and S.-Y.C. Lee, J.-U., Park, J., Son, Y.-W. & Cheong, H. Anomalous excitonic resonance Raman effects in few-layered MoS2. Identification of individual and few layers of WS2 using Raman spectroscopy. and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. >> your institution. /Type /Page Express 22, 48864895 (2014), Du, L., Chen, Y.T., Li, Y., Wu, J.H. Cooperative scattering effect between Stokes and anti-Stokes field sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal /Group 30 0 R We obtain differential reflection data by exfoliating MoTe2 atomic layers onto fused silica.
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