what led to the rise of african independent churches

On March 15, 1961, the UPA, in a tribal attack, started the massacre of white populations and black workers born in other regions of Angola. Further south, the Portuguese claimed both sides of the mouth of the Congo River, as well as the Atlantic coast as far south as the Rio Cunene. When the Portuguese refused to renew the agreement in 1853, the British ceased paying tariffs at the ports on either side of the Congo River mouth, claiming that Portugal's claim had expired because they had left the area unoccupied for too long. Incidentally, a number of ministers heeded the advice to close down their churches and preaching stations. Discuss. In 1926 a Legislative Assembly was created to represent German, Afrikaans, and English-speaking white residents. The rise of independent churches in the African context: why has it happened? The largest phenomenon of the rise of the AICs was experienced Southern Africa, West Africa, Central Africa and Eastern Africa. In February 1990 the EPLF liberated the strategic port of Massawa and in the process destroyed a portion of the Ethiopian Navy. At times, that caused friction, such as when both British and Portuguese explorers claimed the Shire Highlands (located in modern Malawi), but for the most part Great Britain supported the Portuguese position in exchange for incorporating Portugal's holdings into the British economic sphere. This became the major objective of the organisation in its first years and soon OAU pressure led to the situation in the Portuguese colonies being brought up at the UN Security Council. Between January and July 1977, the ELF and EPLF armies had liberated 95% of Eritrea capturing all but 4 towns. They felt that any religious institution, which did not meet the African daily lifes experience, would create spiritual hunger. These prophetic figures organized evangelistic crusades in several localities. Spain concluded in 1968 that the best way to preserve its interests in equatorial Africa was to grant independence to its people without preparing them for it. It was therefore the divine duty of the missionaries to educate and civilise the African, with the tacit support of the colonial administration, and instil in their subjects a Western, Christian way of life. When the French arrived in Algeria in 1830, they quickly took control of all Muslim establishments. The intended purpose of educating Africans was to train catechists who would then teach more Africans and eventually groom a class of church leaders. A South African attempt to scupper proceedings by arguing that the court had no jurisdiction to hear the case was rejected; conversely, however, the court itself ruled that Ethiopia and Liberia did not possess the necessary legal interest entitling them to bring the case. The fighting later spread to Niassa, Tete at the centre of the country. The final straw was the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty signed on February 26, 1884. Following World War II, South-West Africa's international status after the dissolution of the League of Nations was questioned. To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you dont already have one. Date. .4. By that time, the PAIGC started receiving military support from the Socialist Bloc, mainly from Cuba, a support that would last until the end of the war. These include (from Barrett, Schism and Renewal , pp. IN GHANA 1. This became even more visible after PAIGC received anti-aircraft weapons provided by the Soviets, especially the SA-7 rocket launchers, thus undermining the Portuguese air superiority. It was not until after independence in 1963 that President Jomo Kenyatta allowed them to open. Between March and November 1970, three core groups that later made up the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) split from the ELF and established themselves as separate units. x]uGVJZ W|C9NiE^-SIvAog89?~ioww4)a``&\}wFQLWgG }uxm:WUtox^J5^=8NWWCg4Gs?ZwF~z~p3b$AiR_=H+Y3 Its basic principles were co-operation between African nations and solidarity between African peoples. Also, since the European population remained almost entirely male, the Portuguese birth rate was negligible, although plenty of "Afro-Lusitanians" were born to African mothers. British-ruled Kenya was the place of a rebellion from 1952 to 1960, an insurgency by Kenyan rebels against the British colonialist rule. By this time Nkrumah had organized his own mass political party, able to win any general election, and during the following years he negotiated with the British a series of concessions that resulted in 1957 in the Gold Coast becoming the independent state of Ghana. [2], Thousands of women took part in the war, even on deadly missions. All of the colonies voted for this scheme except Guinea, where Skou Tour led the people to vote for complete independence. Led by newly elected Afrikaner nationalist Daniel Franois Malan, the South African government rejected this opinion and refused to recognise the competence of the UN to interfere with South-West African affairs. 21. As Africans took up education in mission centres such as Maseno and Thogoto they began to question some of the teachings of the missionaries. We itemised seven of such factors. During the 17th century, they lost control of everything north of Cape Delgado to Arabs from Oman (who established the Sultanate of Zanzibar), leaving them with major ports at Mozambique, Quelimane, and Loureno Marques, plus settlements along the Zambezi and other rivers. They saw a close similarity between the Christian God and the God they worshipped traditionally. In retaliation the KCA hit back with a popular song Muthirigu a dance song which was performed in the now deserted mission churches and schools in Central Kenya, mocking the missionaries, their adherents and the government claiming there were plans to finish Kenyatta. "Zionist churches" (e.g. In 1914, Marcus Garvey formed the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to champion African politico-economic liberation, black control of religious, educational and cultural institutions in an audacious view that linked Africa and its diasporas. This support was transferred to the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and to its leader, Agostinho Neto in 1967. FILE PHOTO | NMG. Some African Christians were disappointed at these faithless acts of missionaries who were forced to put their churches under lock and key. In practical terms, Portugal controlled port cities like those of Cabinda (north of the Congo River mouth), Ambriz (south of the Congo's mouth), Luanda and Benguela (on the Angolan coast) plus some river towns in the Angolan interior. Its guerrilla fighters attacked the Portuguese headquarters in Tite, located to the south of Bissau, the capital, near the Corubal river . On September 1, 1961, Hamid Idris Awate and his ELF unit attacked an Ethiopian police unit in western Eritrea (near Mt. All rights reserved. Sudan ECWA Sabbath 13 4.17 4.17 10 Number 12 Percentages Distribu on of proprietorship of Chris an universi es in Nigeria. The Botswana's history of independent churches has been greatly influenced by the famous healer and prophetess, Mrs. Christinah Nku, who in 1952 founded the St John Apostolic Faith Mission in South Africa and during her trips to Bechuanaland Protectorate she blessed and prayed for several men and women who later founded their own churches. In 1787, Blacks in Philadelphia organized the Free African Society, the first organized Afro . In recent years, these churches have expanded immensely leading to the rise of both Pentecostal and Orthodox churches in the continent with Southern and Western Africa at the forefront. <> OBED KEALOTSWE THE AICS AS AN AFRICAN PHENOMENON The African dependent Churches (AICs) are a major form of Christianity Africa. Nonetheless, the PAIGC continued to fight back and pushed the Portuguese forces to the limit. The other colonies were not so well placed. In March 1988 the EPLF demolished the Ethiopian front at Afabet in a major offensive the British Historian Basil Davidson compared to the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu. He had been converted to Christianity through the work of British Baptist missionaries and baptized by. It created a demand for tropical raw materials like vegetable oils, cotton, cocoa and rubber, and it also created a need for markets to purchase the expanded quantity of goods issuing from factories. The war in Guinea placed face to face Amlcar Cabral, the leader of PAIGC, and Antnio de Spnola, the Portuguese general responsible for the local military operations. Starting with voyages to Madeira and the Azores (islands in the Atlantic) in the first part of the 14th century, the Portuguese systematically extended their explorations as far as Japan by the 16th century. Arthur and other missionaries unwittingly played into the hands of the Kikuyu Central Association (KCA) which had succeeded the EAA, giving upcoming nationalists like Kenyatta a golden opportunity to launch their political careers against the government. In the 16th through 18th centuries, the Portuguese lost their lead to other European nations, notably England and France, but played a major role in the slave trade to satisfy the demand for labour in Brazil and other American markets. Consequently, Yoruba Christians started prayer and healing fellowships were established to check the outbreak. The first cause was the small size of Portugal's population, coupled with the lack of popular support for overseas empire. Who are the African Independent Churches (AICs): Historical background | Studies in World Christianity You are here: Home / Studies in World Christianity / List of Issues / Volume 10, Issue 2 / European migration to Mozambique showed slightly better resultsabout 11,000 in 1911but many were British from South Africa rather than Portuguese. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to claim territory in sub-Saharan Africa, and their example inspired imitation from other European powers. In the process, they established forts and settlements along the West and East African coasts. This military rule lasted from 1941 until 1952. In other words such a church is indigenous. Their major concern was to develop an digenous expression of Christianity. Kfhkxw7/jG/'>8QH* w6dx4]'!_^~FKk-pd7YgPb`h9dcQc'l!{2GF9E`NV\Y{"';$"/);p80gW)$ 7++I.s_~pTsdmKRRadbW_AH!S3*`_d>"Sz qRd}_Kl~fcoe5wfqA^p`zT{:kG/ N&|7EOj.q@K{eVx2/Q Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team. IntroductionWe have studied in the last chapter that the indigenous movement is relatively recent development compared to the Main-line Churches. This region would be retaken by large military operations that, however, would not stop the spread of the guerrilla actions to other regions of Angola, such as Cabinda, the east, the southeast and the central plateaus. Select data courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. On July 10, 1960, a second independence movement, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) was founded in Cairo. It was a powerful . In 1924 all white South-West Africans were automatically naturalised as South African nationals and British subjects thereof; the exception being about 260 who lodged specific objections. Eritrea sits on a strategic location along the Red Sea, between the Suez Canal and the Bab-el-Mandeb. Occasionally, Portuguese leaders resisted, but the British alliance provided sufficient benefits to convince various administrations to go along (although they faced revolts at home and in their colonies). A number of missionaries could not receive their financial support and funds for their projects because of economic crunch abroad. The USA and other countries, in order to counter communist growing influence in the region also started to support some nationalist guerrillas in their fight against Portugal. In FebruaryJune 1982, The EPLF managed to repulse Ethiopia's much heralded four-month "Red Star" campaign (aka the 6th offensive by Eritreans) inflicting more than 31,000 Ethiopian casualties. By 1965 SWAPO's morale had been elevated by the formation of a guerrilla wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), which forced the deployment of South African Police troops along the long and remote northern frontier. On November 27, 1832, Abd Al-Qadir declared that he reluctantly accepted the position, but saw serving in the position as a necessity in order to protect the country from the enemy (the French). They combined elements of different types of ships to construct stronger, roomier and more manoeuvrable caravels. Its nationalist movement was led by the Marxist-Leninist Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO), which carried out the first attack against Portuguese targets on September 24, 1964, in Chai, province of Cabo Delgado. It quickly started moving south in the direction of Meponda and Mandimba, linking to Tete with the aid of Malawi. Henry Louis Gates' new book traces the institution's role in history, politics, and culture. Despite the opposition, the French government drafted young Algerians into the French army for World War I.[1]. To the east, the Portuguese controlled the islands of So Tom and Prncipe, located south of the mouth of the Niger River. Leading up to the fight for independence: The fight for independence, or the Algerian war, began with a massacre that occurred on May 8, 1945 in Setif, Algeria. X5e,@Y'5]Nj.>xz~)Yz?RPOEVc;zAI:4 4B(=#D [1] As World War I became a reality, officials discussed drafting young Algerians into the army to fight for the French, but there was some opposition. The question continued to reappear until 1885 when it was enshrined in the agreements that emanated from the Congress of Berlin. After reaching this area, known as the Swahili Coast, at the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese came to dominate most of it by the end of the 16th century. During Joao VI's reign (18211826) and that of his successorsPeter IV (18261831), Maria (18331853), Peter V (18531861), Louis I (18611889), and Carlos (18891908)there was a civil war that lasted from 1826 to 1834, a long period characterised by what one author called "ministerial instability and chronic insurrection" from 1834 to 1853, and finally the end of the monarchy when both Carlos and his heir were assassinated on February 1, 1908. l|. Africans resisted strongly against the interference with their political freedom and economic resources. Neither could they comprehend why they were not allowed to marry more than one wife while the Old Testament mentioned many people with numerous wives. Sierra Leone was a densely populated country that was appreciably poorer than Ghana (its GNP per capita, at about $70, being approximately one-third of Ghanas) and in which there was a wide disparity in levels of education and wealth between the Creolesthe descendants of liberated slaves who lived in and around Freetownand the rest of the people. The other major force for change was the rivalries that developed between European nations in the century between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the outbreak of World War I. Cameroon's independence on January 1, 1960 opened the floodgates for Africa. [6], The Algerian Independence movement also had a lasting impact on French thought about the relationship between the government and religion.[7]. a. At the onset of World War I, the Union of South Africa participated in the invasion and occupation of several Allied territories taken from the German Empire, most notably German South-West Africa and German East Africa (Tanzania). Since many Algerians had fought as French soldiers during the First World War, just as the European settlers had suspected, Muslim Algerians wanted political rights after serving in the war. The study that has great relevance to Botswana is the one made by Sundkler4 South Africa and a number of other studies by Daneel 5 and a study by Oosthuizen.6 Studies Botswana have been done by Amanze 7 and Kealotswe.8 The common characteristic of all these studies is that the AICs arose as a protest to the Western forms and expressions of Christianity. Political factors: the independent churches were a religious form of a political . Originally called the First Colored Church, the pastoral life of George Leile's preaching is tied to its beginning. It was followed by 16 other countries in quick succession before the end of that year, and this first 'wave' was . Eritrea was an Italian colony from 18901941. At about the same time in America there was growing discontent within the black community with discrimination in education, the church, business and the social environment. stream But any elective central assembly was bound to be dominated by the north, which had some 57 percent of the population and whose economic and social development had lagged far behind. At the General Assembly's request the issue was examined at the International Court of Justice. The dispute set a precedent, however, that effective occupation was a prerequisite for recognition of colonial claims. However, in 197879, Ethiopia mounted a series of five massive Soviet-backed offensives and reoccupied almost all of Eritrea's major towns and cities, except for Nakfa. It was pointed out that nonwhite residents were subject to all the restrictive apartheid legislation affecting nonwhites in South Africa, including confinement to reserves, colour bars in employment, pass laws, and influx control over urban migrants. These factors may be divided into two: the worldwide influenza epidemic and the economic depression which followed.A few important indigenous Churches owe their origin indirectly to the deadly influenza epidemic, which spread through West Africa in 1918. The Persecutions of Christians in Africa The abbreviation AIC covers them all. 5 0 obj In this chapter and the subsequent ones we want to move up close to see when these Independent movement campaigns really started and what motivated the establishment of these movements.2. They were also demoralised by the steady growth of the influence of the liberation supporters among the population that was being recruited in large numbers by the PAIGC.
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