where was lawrence of arabia shot

[75], A 4K digitally restored version of the film was screened at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival,[76][77] at the 2012 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival,[63] at the V Janela Internacional de Cinema[78] in Recife, Brazil, and at the 2013 Cinequest Film & Creativity Festival in San Jose, California. Traveling became an uncertain terror for the enemy. Lawrence heads to Cairo with Daud and Farraj to inform Dryden and the new commander, General Allenby, of his victory. Lawrence of Arabia . Locations . Syria | PBS The awesome majesty of the landscapes in Jordan and elsewhere, the mass movements of Bedouins and British and Turks with, of course, the ever-present camels, sweep against the eye long after one has lost the ability to exclaim in astonishment over them. Although Lawrence's report of Aqaba's capture is initially disbelieved, he is promoted to major and given arms and money for the Arabs. Lawrence reluctantly returns. [74] The film received a one-day theatrical release on 4 October 2012 and a two-day release in Canada on 11 and 15 November 2012, and it was re-released in the United Kingdom on 23 November 2012. Since retaliation by the Howeitat would shatter the alliance, Lawrence announces he will execute the murderer himself. By wars end, damage to the railway was so extensive that much of it was abandoned. Its red towers have been seen in Gladiator, The Last Days of Sodom and Gomorrah and The Jewel of the Nile. ased on the ex-ploits of T. E. Lawrence of Arabia during World War I, this much-praised and prized classic Coincidentally, a very similar mishap befell the real Lawrence at the Battle of Abu El Lissal in 1917. Lawrences first introduction to the desert is the black basalt landscape of Jebel Tubayq, near Jordan's Saudi Arabian border, as is much of the trekking and the caravan across the Nefud. What else was there to do?. As the junior assistant on that dig, and one of only two Westerners permanently on-site, Lawrence saw to his scientific dutiesprimarily photographing and inventorying the findsbut developed an even keener interest in understanding how Arab society worked. [17] Members of the crew portrayed minor characters. First assistant director Roy Stevens played the truck driver who transports Lawrence and Farraj to the Cairo HQ at the end of Act I; the Sergeant who stops Lawrence and Farraj ("Where do you think you're going to, Mustapha?") As he leaves the city, he looks longingly at the departing Arabs before his car is passed by a motorcyclist, who leaves a trail of dust in his wake. Continuity supervisor Barbara Cole appears as one of the nurses in the Damascus hospital scene. Obituary: Maurice Jarre. Its themes include Lawrence's emotional struggles with the violence inherent in war, his identity and his divided allegiance between his native Britain with its army, and his new-found comrades within the Arabian desert tribes. One scene is an extended version of the Deraa torture sequence, which makes Lawrence's punishment more overt. The Economist. "[31], Allenby also spoke highly of him numerous times and much to Lawrence's delight publicly endorsed the accuracy of Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Most of the film's characters are based on people to varying degrees. Although Auda at first joined the revolt for monetary reasons, he quickly became a steadfast supporter of Arab independence, notably after Aqaba's capture. Despite punching through the Turkish line in southern Palestine and taking Jerusalem in December 1917, the British Army ground to a halt as Allenbys troops were siphoned off for the Western Front. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Lawrence. [52], The film score was composed by Maurice Jarre, little known at the time and selected only after both William Walton and Malcolm Arnold had proved unavailable. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). If this was rooted in the trauma at Deraa, it seems he was at least as much driven by the desperate belief that if the Arabs could reach Damascus first, then the lies and guilty secrets he had harbored since coming to Arabia might somehow be set right. That becomes clear when I ask Sheik al-Atoun in his reception tent in Mudowarra how Lawrence is regarded today. Privacy Statement The dig in northern Syria, originally funded for one year, stretched into four. Turkish crews then faced the time-consuming task of dismantling the wreckage before repairs could begin. [citation needed], Kenneth Alford's march The Voice of the Guns (1917) is prominently featured on the soundtrack. Wilson, however, had far more interest in telling other nations how they should behave than in adding to American responsibilities. Lawrence dans Les Sept Piliers de la sagesse p. 380, T.E. I'll never forget standing there in the desert once, with some of these tough Arab buggers, some of the toughest we had, and I suddenly thought, "He's making eyes at me!" From past experience, they know theyre likely to discover only mounds of turned earth upon their return. It is a low-ceilinged chamber, cool and vaguely damp, with stone floors and narrow windows that give a view onto the surrounding desert. In the end, the obstreperous lieutenant colonel was effectively barred from the peace conference and prevented any further contact with Faisal. Lawrence tried mightily to forestall. In spite of the arduous journey, the new graduate returned to Syria the following year as part of an archaeological expedition sponsored by the British Museum. The attack on Aqaba was reconstructed in a dried river bed in Playa del Algarrobico, southern Spain (at .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}37125N 15253W / 37.02361N 1.88139W / 37.02361; -1.88139); it consisted of more than 300 buildings and was meticulously based on the town's appearance in 1917. What Lawrence also knew was that just months after cementing that deal with Hussein, Britain had entered into a secret compact with its chief ally in the war, France. In 1990, the made-for-television film A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia was aired. The most immediate result was the Gallipoli fiasco of 1915, in which the British Commonwealth suffered nearly a quarter-million casualties before finally conceding failure. His memorial service is held at St Paul's Cathedral. [107] Spielberg further considered it his favourite film of all time and the one that inspired him to become a filmmaker,[108] crediting the film, which he saw four times in four successive weeks upon its release, with understanding "It was the first time seeing a movie, I realized there are themes that aren't narrative story themes, there are themes that are character themes, that are personal themes. T.E., who was the second of the couples five children, only learned the true identities of his parents after his fathers 1919 death. We are one people, the Arabs, and we should be one nation, but instead we have been divided intowhat, 22?different countries. Lawrence spent the summer of 1909 traveling solo through Syria and Palestine to survey the castles of the Crusaders for his thesis. [7]:30812,664, The Arab force had swelled to 2,000 Howeitat by the end of the engagement, and they had taken 700 prisoners, including 42 officers. A Syrian refugee in his mid-40s, unwilling even to disclose his name, tells me that he had planned to escape with his family six months earlier when, on the eve of their departure, ISIS had grabbed his teenage son. [80] In honour of the film's 60th anniversary, the film was re-released in an individual two-disc steelbook set by Kino Lorber, with both including a substantial, mostly overlapping collection of special features. WebBattle of Aqaba. Principal photography began on 15 May 1961 and ended on 21 September 1962. The most vehement critic of its accuracy was Professor A. W. Lawrence, T. E. Lawrence's younger brother and literary executor who had sold the rights to Seven Pillars of Wisdom to Spiegel for 25,000 and went on a campaign in the United States and Britain to denounce the film. But, as best we can tell, he probably stayed only a day or two. But those roads lead to nowhere in particular, while tattered billboards advertise the condominium complexes and industrial parks allegedly to come. It further praised O'Toole's performance, writing he "continually dominates the screen, and he dominates it with professional skill, Irish charm and smashing good looks. Al-Atouns words hint at the complicated emotions the legacy of World War I and the Arab Revolt stir in this part of the Arab world: pride at having cast off their Ottoman overseers after 400 years of rule, a lingering sadness at what took its place. Lawrence also says, "I was working out with Auda abu Tayi a march to the Howeitat in their spring pastures of the Syrian desert. [57] The first round of cuts was made at the direction and even insistence of David Lean, to assuage criticisms of the film's length and increase the number of showings per day; however, during the 1989 restoration, he passed blame for the cuts onto deceased producer Sam Spiegel. His second would lead to the greatest triumph of his career: the capture of Aqaba. Now that you are here, perhaps you can finally show us where the gold is buried.. All of the interiors were shot in Spain, including Lawrence's first meeting with Faisal and the scene in Auda's tent. [58], When it was re-released in 1971, an even shorter cut of 187minutes was presented. The second half of the film presents a fictional desertion of Lawrence's Arab army, almost to a man, as he moved farther north. Despite repeated bribery attempts by the Turks, he happily pocketed their money but remained loyal to the revolt and went so far as to knock out his false teeth, which were Turkish-made. Allenby promised Lawrence to do what he could, and subsequently told Robertson, "even the partial success of Captain Lawrence's scheme would seriously disorganise Turkish railway communications south of Aleppo, while its complete success would destroy effectively his only main artery of communication"[6]:280[7]:31521, Aqaba became a major Royal Navy depot, supplying and transporting Feisal's forces upon his arrival on 23 August, as HMS Euryalus and then HMS Humber guarded the port. This consists of a tiny stone fort near the oceanfront promenade, and, next to it, a dusty four-room museum. And he was! From that firsthand experience, Lawrence knew that the gateway into Syria was actually through a winding, 20-mile-long mountain gorge that the Turks had laced with trenchworks and forts designed to annihilate any force advancing up from the coast. An American war correspondent, Jackson Bentley, publicises Lawrence's exploits and makes him famous. From now on, in Lawrences estimation, the British Army and Arab rebels would be joined at the hip, the French relegated to the margins. Those in search of old Aqaba will be disappointed. The opening scene, of Lawrences fatal motorbike ride, which in reality took place in Dorset) is Chobham, Surrey. Lawrence of Arabia (1962), shot by Freddie Young, BSC (Dir. The perceived problems with the portrayal begin with the differences in his physical appearance the 6ft 2in (1.88m) Peter O'Toole was almost 9in (23cm) taller than the 5ft 5in (1.65m) Lawrence[24] and extended to his behaviour: The screenwriters depict Lawrence as an egotist. In walking through the claustrophobic cottage, however, it is hard to escape the image of a broken and lonely man. Brighton believes that the lightly armed Arabs should retreat and allow themselves to be absorbed into the British army. We would be connected, both economically and politically to north and south. May I speak frankly? Since any advance inland from Aqaba would be murderous, Lawrences solution was to first take the gorge and then the port. Set amid rolling brown hills given over to groves of orange and pistachio trees, the village of Karkamis has the soporific feel of many rural towns in southern Turkey. Known as Clouds Hill, it was the last home of T.E. [45], Lean also compared Ali and Lawrence's romance in the film to the relationship of the two main characters in his 1945 film Brief Encounter. Clad in worn sandals and lifting the hem of his robe to avoid the snag of thornbushes, Abu Enad Daraoush picks his way over the hillside. With difficulties, they cross the Nefud Desert and travel without rest on the last stage to reach water. In the closing days of World War I, it was not these distant spots that made Umm Qays vitally strategic, but rather the sinuous Yarmouk Valley lying directly below. [46], The film was made by Horizon Pictures and distributed by Columbia Pictures. Believing that the British government had betrayed the Arabs by reneging on a promise of independence, Lawrence quietly told the befuddled monarch that he was refusing the honor before turning and walking out of the palace. Check out 10 surprising facts about the man known as Lawrence of Arabia., Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-lawrence-of-arabia, 10 Things You May Not Know About ‘Lawrence of Arabia. [6], According to T.E. On its slightly rundown main street, shopkeepers gaze vacantly out at deserted sidewalks, while in a tiny, tree-shaded plaza, idled men play dominoes or cards. As a result, GARP archaeologists remain on a site until satisfied that theyve found everything of interest, and then, with the Jordanian governments permission, take everything with them when closing down the site. Lawrence of Arabia . Behind the Scenes | PBS The southernmost town in Jordan, Mudowarra was once connected to the outside world by means of that railroad. When General Allenby launched his offensive against the Turks in Palestine in late September 1918, the engagement quickly turned into a rout. Resembling oversized fire pits, the circles are the traces of a Turkish Army encampment, where soldiers had cleared the earth and pitched their distinctive round tents. His replacement, a mere two weeks into the job when an emaciated and barefoot Lawrence was summoned to his office, was a cavalry general named Edmund Allenby. Jordan banned the film for what was felt to be a disrespectful portrayal of Arab culture. Aqaba was both the Turkish enemys last outpost on the Red Sea and a natural gatewayat least so it appeared on a mapto the southern reaches of Syria, the heartland of the Arab world. Why? They wore British-style uniforms with keffiyehs and fought in conventional battles. It was what I was going to do. The repercussions were swift in coming. Lawrence of Arabia (1962) - Turner Classic Movies Virtually the only escape left open to the Turks was up through the Yarmouk, to the railway at Deraa. As Lawrence recruited ever more tribes to the cause of future Arab independence, he became increasingly conscience-stricken by the dead letter promises he was making, and finally reached a breaking point. Lawrences biggest time there was open to debate. 99+ Photos. For nearly two years, British demolition teams, working with their Arab rebel allies, methodically attacked its bridges and isolated depots, quite rightly perceiving the railroad as the Achilles heel of the Ottoman enemy, the supply line linking its isolated garrisons to the Turkish heartland. It was largely through Lawrence's persuasion that Murray came to support the revolt. However, when the American war correspondent Lowell Thomas launched a 1919 lecture tour recounting his assignment in the Middle East, his photographs and films of Lawrence of Arabia transfixed the public and transformed the British colonel into both a war hero and an international celebrity. Its claimed that more scenes were filmed in Morocco, at Ait Benhaddou, a spectacular village made up of several small kasbahs (fortresses), about fifteen miles northwest of Ouarzazate. Thats all he does now, smile that way.. Authentic desert locations, a stellar cast and an intriguing subject combine to put this into the blockbuster league." While crossing the Sinai Desert, Daud dies from stumbling into quicksand. The long and narrow gorge could be used by the Ottomans to bottle up any British invasion by sea, though it did not stop the Royal Navy from bombarding the site. Racing on to Damascus, Lawrence swiftly set up a provisional Arab government, with Faisal at its head. [61], The film was screened out of competition at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival[62] and at the 2012 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. Restoration of "Lawrence of Arabia Where Was Lawrence of Arabia Filmed? - The Cinemaholic So we just buried him back up. Vanished also was Lawrences spirit for the fight, or desire for leadership. Arab outposts were also established at Nabathean Petra, Delagha, and Batra, along the Maan highlands. On his first location scouting trip in Jordan, director Sir David Lean discovered the remains of the Turkish locomotives and railroad tracks T.E. [26], Lawrence's biographers have a mixed reaction towards the film. The GARP expeditions have produced an unintended consequence. Lawrence is stripped, ogled, and prodded. When the commission returned to Paris with its inconvenient finding, the report was simply locked away in a vault. Lawrence travels with a Bedouin guide, who drinks from a well belonging to a rival tribe led by Sherif Ali (Omar Sharif). One who laments the loss is Sheik al-Atoun, Mudowarras leading citizen and a tribal leader in southern Jordan. [citation needed], O'Toole was not used to riding camels and found the saddle to be uncomfortable. Lawrence of Arabia, British historical film, released in 1962, that became one of the most celebrated epics in the history of cinema. Please select which sections you would like to print: Pat Bauer graduated from Ripon College in 1977 with a double major in Spanish and Theatre. But they actually became permanent., Today, T.E. That opportunity, and the chance for Lawrence to play a role, arrived when Turkey entered the war on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary. The memorial service for TE Lawrence (Peter OToole) did actually use the steps in front of St Pauls Cathedral in London, but even here, the interior was recreated in a Spanish studio. It was like he was sleeping. He pointed to the hole. But all the men who were there much longer, none of them were Lawrence, so it becomes Lawrences camp.. T. E. Lawrence, portrayed by O'Toole, was selected as the tenth-greatest hero in cinema history by the American Film Institute. Lawrence ignores Brighton's orders when he meets Faisal; his outspokenness piques the prince's interest. Total strength on 9 May 1917, when they embarked, was 45 Howeitat and Ageyl camel men. The Battle of Aqaba was fought for the Red Sea port of Aqaba (now in Jordan) during the Arab Revolt of World War I. "[51] O'Toole did not share Lawrence's love of the desert and stated in an interview "I loathe it". The teenage orphans Daud and Farraj attach themselves to Lawrence as servants. To the untrained eye, the wadi of Aba el Lissan is indistinguishable from a thousand other windswept valleys in southern Jordan, but Daraoush, a 48-year-old farmer and shepherd, knows its secrets. Suspicious of the imperialist schemes of his European partners in Paris, President Woodrow Wilson sent a fact-finding commission to the Middle East. Now, it is a place that no Westerner will likely see for a very long time to come. Sir Adrian Boult is listed as the conductor of the score in the film's credits, but he could not conduct most of the score, due in part to his failure to adapt to the intricate timings of each cue, and Jarre replaced him as the conductor. The authorised biographer Jeremy Wilson noted that the film has "undoubtedly influenced the perceptions of some subsequent biographers", such as the depiction of the film's Ali being a real rather than a composite character and the highlighting of the Deraa incident. Lawrence of Arabia is widely regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. The film shows that Lawrence spoke and read Arabic and could quote the Quran and was reasonably knowledgeable about the region. Karkamis, where the towns sleepiness gives way to a tinge of menace, sits at the very dividing line between those two realities. Lean was dissatisfied with Wilson's work, primarily because his treatment focused on the historical and political aspects of the Arab Revolt. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. It was released in 1989 with a 216-minute length (plus overture, intermission and exit music). WebThe two-part multi-million dollar PBS production was filmed in Jordan, Syria and England and took in many of the actual places where Lawrence lived and worked, fought and died. Lawrence subsequently enlisted as a private in the Royal Tank Corps, but under the assumed name Thomas Edward Shaw, a nod to his friend, the famed Irish writer George Bernard Shaw. The Allenby family was particularly upset by the Damascus scenes in which Allenby coldly allows the town to fall into chaos as the Arab Council collapses. Lawrence of Arabia | Plot, Cast, Awards, & Facts | Britannica [7]:228,263,26970,28587,29394, Three Howeitat clans on Nagb el Shtar, the Dhumaniyeh, the Darausha, and the Dhiabat, aided the effort to secure the pass of Aba el Lissan, along the MaanAqaba road. From them we might raise a mobile camel force, and rush Akaba from the eastward without guns or machine-guns. When Bolt was arrested for taking part in an anti-nuclear weapons demonstration, Spiegel had to persuade him to sign a recognizance of good behaviour to be released from jail and continue working on the script. Lawrence and General Allenby (Jack Hawkins) meet in another Seville landmark, the Casa de Pilatos, Plaza de Pilatos, built in 1519, the claim that its a copy of Pontius Pilates surprisingly 16th century Jerusalem home, sadly, seems to be a myth. As a result, the urbanor rather, ruralmyth was spawned, holding that sacks of stashed gold are likely to be found wherever the two warring sides collided. It is also where, at the climactic moment of World War I in the Middle East, he plotted the Arab Armys all-out assault on Turkish forces in inland Syria. Mr. Dryden (Claude Rains) of the Arab Bureau assigns Lawrence to go into Arabia to assess the goals and chances of Arab statesman Prince Feisal (Alec Guinness), a leader of the Arab Revolt against the Turks, who are allied with Germany. But Allenby bought it, promising to give the rebels all the aid he could and consider them equal partners. Lawrence remains one of the most iconic figures of the early 20th century. Lawrence, who, when recounting his approach to the Red Sea port city of Jeddah on the morning of October 16, 1916, wrote, the heat of Arabia came out like a drawn sword and struck us speechless.. Lawrence and thousands of Arab rebel soldiers. ", "Lawrence of Arabia or Smith in the Desert? is construction assistant Fred Bennett and screenwriter Robert Bolt has a wordless cameo as one of the officers watching Allenby and Lawrence confer in the courtyard (he is smoking a pipe). After our tea in his reception tent, Sheik al-Atoun takes me in his old four-wheel drive Toyota up to a promontory overlooking Mudowarra. In a madness born of the horror of Tafas we killed and killed, even blowing in the heads of the fallen and of the animals, as though their death and running blood could slake our agony.. Lawrence had destroyed during the Arab Revolution. [50] Lean was asked whether he could handle CinemaScope: "If one had an eye for composition, there would be no problem. Not complete bodies, but bones. Lawrence's scheme is almost derailed when one of Ali's men kills one of Auda's men because of a blood feud. Its critical consensus reads: "The epic of all epics, Lawrence of Arabia cements director David Lean's status in the film-making pantheon with nearly four hours of grand scope, brilliant performances, and beautiful cinematography. [25] Historians like B. H. Liddell Hart disputed the film's depiction of Lawrence as an active participant in the attack and slaughter of the retreating Turkish columns who had committed the Tafas massacre, but most current biographers accept the film's portrayal as reasonably accurate. WebDirector David Lean was said to have spent nearly three years making Lawrence of Arabia, which is based on Lawrences mammoth memoir The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926). [94], Lawrence of Arabia is currently one of the highest-rated films on Metacritic; it holds a perfect 100 rating, indicating "universal acclaim", based on eight reviews. After rejoining the British military in 1921, Lawrence spent most of the next 14 years in lowly military positions in bases scattered about Britain. In the Arab world, memory of Lawrence is far more mixed; indeed, the changing view of him there underscores the lingering bitterness still felt over the peace imposed nearly a century ago. Of course it is. Khadra, at the mouth of the Itm, and its 300-man garrison surrendered on the 6th. When I was a boy, I used to take them to school to show my friends. Daraoush gazes up at the enclosing ridgelines. Most of the cut scenes were dialogue sequences, particularly those involving General Allenby and his staff. The rescue and the execution of Gasim are based on two incidents that were conflated for dramatic reasons. WebShot in Dorset with a mainly local cast and crew, it stars Brian Cox, Hugh Fraser, Michael Maloney and Nicole Ansari Cox. Very quickly, Faisal came to regard the young British officer as one of his most trusted advisers, as Lawrence, donning the robes of an Arab sheik, assumed a position of honor in tribal strategy sessions. Lowell Thomas was also critical of the portrayal of Lawrence and of most of the film's characters and believed that the train attack scenes were the only reasonably accurate aspect of the film. They found the Turks camping in Aba el Lissan on the night of July 1, 1917, and what ensued there was less a battle than a massacre. Accompanying him were a mere 45 rebels. They also know it ended badly for the Turks. Two scenes were excisedBrighton's briefing of Allenby in Jerusalem before the Deraa scene and the British staff meeting in the field tentand the Allenby-briefing scene has still not been entirely restored. Lawrence, the English officer who successfully united and led the diverse, often warring, Arab tribes during WebDavid Leans Lawrence of Arabia is an aesthetes epic: a battle film where the carnage is waged on im-maculate sands against high skies, where the heroes are improbably handsome and the desert a golden, dazzling backdrop. Saunders is at his desk in his cluttered office at Bristol, where scattered amid the stacks of papers and books are relics from his own explorations along Highway 15: bullet casings, cast-iron tent rings. With the path cleared, Lawrence and his men rushed on for Aqaba, the Turkish garrison there surrendering after barely firing a shot. One of the Bristol researchers, John Winterburn, recently discovered a forgotten British Army camp in the desert 18 miles from Mudowarra; untouched for nearly a centuryWinterburn even collected old gin bottlesthe find was touted in the British press as the discovery of Lawrences Lost Camp., We do know that Lawrence was at that camp, Winterburn says, sitting at a Bristol University caf. That done, whenever the two European imperial powers did manage to push into Syriapromised to the French under Sykes-Picotthey could renege on the promises made to Hussein with a clearer conscience. Who Was Lawrence Of Arabia? | Imperial War Museums LAWRENCE OF ARABIA The dramatic score by Maurice Jarre and the Super Panavision 70 cinematography by Freddie Young also won praise from critics. However, the Dhumaniyeh were unable to keep control of the pass when a Turkish relief battalion under Niaz Bey arrived, occupying Aba el Lissan. Director David Lean has molded his massive material with skill, but personally I felt the film was too long, the running time is 221 minutes, or 20 minutes short of 4 hours and in the latter part, unnecessarily bloody. Its claimed that more scenes were filmed in Morocco , at Ait By 1914, the only remaining gap in the line was located in the mountains of southern Turkey. The sheik points to a cluster of whitewashed homes perhaps ten miles away. Cookie Settings, Private Collection / Peter Newark Military Pictures / Bridgeman Images. If the British and French took control of Aqaba, they could effectively bottle up their Arab allies and contain their rebellion to Arabia.
Why Are Okazaki Fragments Formed On Lagging Strand Only?, Articles W