Slovenias socialist superwoman: feeding the family, nourishing the nation. We used the formula presented by Wasserman and Faust [60]. Gender and ethnicity differentials in school attainment and labor market earnings in Ecuador. Therefore, it is related to other workforce topics such as compensation, role, career progression, decision-making, human capital, performance, organization and education. : Grant of the Department of Energy, Systems, Territory and Construction of the University of Pisa (DESTEC) for the project Measuring Gender Bias with Semantic Analysis: The Development of an Assessment Tool and its Application in the European Space Industry. Specifically, texts are transformed into networks of co-occurring words, and relationships are studied through social network analysis [60]. The construct of diversity relates to that of brand image [59], in the sense that it considers the richness and distinctiveness of textual (topic) associations. However, future research could consider different databases and inclusion criteria. Karami A, White CN, Ford K, Swan S, Spinel MY. Access to the complete content on Oxford Reference requires a subscription or purchase. Unsettling universities incongruous, gendered bureaucratic structures: A casestudy approach. There is a common bias that depicts women as less agentic than males. Moving From `The Status of Women' to `Gender Inequality Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity, Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Gender Equality Statistics - UNICEF DATA The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the government site. The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur. The first examines female personality and behavior in the workplace, and their alignment with cultural expectations or stereotypes [e.g., 188] as well as their impacts on equality. As expected, this percentage varies considerably by broad research area, ranging from . Biases that go beyond gender, such as for overweight people, are also more strongly applied to women [197]. Optimizing semantic coherence in topic models. It is usually applied for the analysis of (big) textual data to evaluate the importance of one or more brands, names, words, or sets of keywords [36]. Some literature highlights how women tend to self-select into different professions than men, often due to stereotypes rather than actual ability to perform in these professions [142, 144]. Approximately 25.5 million women and 2.8 million men report a lifetime experience of completed or attempted rape. Gender Equality | SpringerLink At the same time, women will likely be more affected by the consequences of climate change [e.g., 230] but often lack the decision-making power to influence local decision-making on resource management and environmental policies [e.g., 231]. We started by examining the gender composition of authors whose work is tracked in Altmetric, i.e., shared on social media sites, in online news, blogs, and other websites. Breaking the glass ceiling? Topic importance is not just a matter of how frequently a topic is mentioned, but also of the associations a topic has in the text. This is partly due to the relative ease in studying the status quo, as opposed to studying changes in the status quo. The topic with which it has the highest semantic overlap is role, followed by decision-making, hiring, education, compensation, leadership, human capital, and family. Gender is never just about sex but varies by race, ethnicity, nation, class, and a variety of other dimensions of social life. Transparency in academic recruitment: a problematic tool for gender equality? We preferred lemmatization over stemming [52] in order to obtain more interpretable results. Women's rights movements linked to the first and second wave of feminism fought to establish gender equality as a fundamental human right. A deconstruction of the concept. Chiarello F, Trivelli L, Bonaccorsi A, Fantoni G. Extracting and mapping industry 4.0 technologies using wikipedia. Economic liberalization and wage inequality in India. As society grapples with the effects of climate change and increasing depletion of natural resources, a narrative has emerged on women and their greater link to the environment [226]. Why so few women on boards of directors? Education is indeed presented as the solution for women, not only to achieve top executive roles, but also to reduce wage inequality [e.g., 76, 77]. Gender inequities in the online dissemination of scholars' work We then offer a definition of gender norms for practitioners and researchers working at the intersection between these two theories. As we were interested in reviewing business and economics related gender studies, we only considered those papers published in journals listed in the Academic Journal Guide (AJG) 2018 ranking of the Chartered Association of Business Schools (CABS). Again, except for behavior and human capital, the other three topics are purely related to women in the workforce. Mythicizing and reification in entrepreneurial discourse: Ideology-critique of entrepreneurial studies. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Roelleke T, Wang J, editors. Besides formal education, also the information that women are exposed to on a daily basis contributes to their human capital. Finally, parenting is reported as an antecedent of education [e.g., 130], with much of the literature focusing on the role of parents education on the opportunities afforded to children to enroll in education [131134] and the role of parenting in their offsprings perception of study fields and attitudes towards learning [135138]. The emerging topic of sustainability also deserves further attention, as our society struggles with climate change and its consequences. Are female top managers really paid less? Our aim is to map a broad topic, gender equality research, that has been approached through a host of different angles and through different disciplines. Does individualism promote gender equality? ; The Functionalist Perspective: A broad social . . Fig 1 shows the list of 27 topics by decreasing SBS. Sexual violence (SV) is a highly prevalent public health issue in the U.S. A field experiment exploring how pay and representation differentially shape bias on the pathway into organizations. The former quite overlaps with dealing with the roles mentioned above, but also includes aspects such as leaders being stereotyped as masculine [e.g., 105], the need for greater exposure to female leaders to reduce biases [e.g., 106], or female leaders acting as queen bees [e.g., 107]. Gendered performances in sport: an embodied approach Improving career decision self-efficacy and STEM self-efficacy in high school girls: Evaluation of an intervention, Perceived financial barriers and the start-up decision: An econometric analysis of gender differences using GEM data, What makes you click?Mate preferences in online dating. The concept of gender identity evolved over time to include those people who do not identify either as female or male: a "person's self concept of their . Training and support for women to thrive in tomorrow's economy, in tech, and beyond. Artificial intelligence could help reduce the time to diagnose breast cancer. First, educational choices (decision-making) are influenced by variables such as self-efficacy and the presence of barriers, irrespectively of the career opportunities they offer, especially in STEM [124]. General Assembley 70 Session; 2015. Employment and unemployment in Jordan: The importance of the gender system. Are female CEOs and chairwomen more conservative and risk averse? At the end of the process, the two assignments were compared and exhibited a 92% agreement. This semi-automatic methodology is also highly reproducible with minimum effort. Nature. Women's Assessments of Gender Equality - SAGE Journals This suggesting that women are subject to stricter standards for promotion [e.g., 160]. What does Gender inequality mean? - Definitions.net Firstly, the relevance of each topic in literature is measured through a composite indicator of semantic importance, rather than simply looking at word frequencies. : EU project ASSETs+ Project (Alliance for Strategic Skills addressing Emerging Technologies in Defence) EAC/A03/2018 - Erasmus+ programme, Sector Skills Alliances, Lot 3: Sector Skills Alliance for implementing a new strategic approach (Blueprint) to sectoral cooperation on skills G.A. Another topic with which there is a close connection is behavior. NUMBER: 612678-EPP-1-2019-1-IT-EPPKA2-SSA-B. The female advantage in college academic achievements and horizontal . Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Opting out or pushed out? Nevertheless, results are mixed, with some studies showing positive effects on financial [19, 181, 182] and corporate social performance [99, 182, 183]. This trend highlights that research on gender in business journals has so far mainly paid attention to the conditions that women experience in business contexts, while also devoting some attention to women in society. Hegarty (Citation 2001) suggests that the quantitative researcher should address this definition from a performative perspective to de-construct the gender concept.In this way, gender is a non-essential category which instead is repeatedly performed based on societal norms (Morgenroth & Ryan . We removed: sparse terms (i.e., occurring in less than 0.1% of all documents), common terms (i.e., occurring in more than 10% of all documents) and retained only nouns and adjectives. The top-down approach consisted in searching in the word list for notable gender and equality-related words. P.B and F.C. In the future, we may focus on collecting and mapping pro-active contributions to gender studies, using additional Natural Language Processing techniques, able to measure the sentiment of scientific papers [43]. The role of women and gender bias in organizations has been studied from different perspectives, which mirror those presented in detail in the following sections. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Text preprocessing aims at structuring text into a form that can be analyzed by statistical models. How mothers and fathers share childcare: A cross-national time-use comparison. An official website of the United States government. The so-called gender equality paradox sees women in countries with lower gender equality more likely to pursue studies and careers in STEM fields, whereas the gap in STEM enrollment widens as countries achieve greater equality in society [171]. Defining gender is both highly important and complex. Do women leaders promote sustainability? Contesting gender stereotypes stimulates generalized fairness in the selection of leaders. Indeed, a well-known debate in degrowth economics centers around whether and how to adequately compensate women for their childbearing, childrearing, caregiver and household work [e.g., 30]. These topics, except for education, all concern women in the workforce. Stereotype threat and the test performance of academically successful African Americans. G EQUALITY. The Association Between Gender Inequality and Sexual Violence in the U Fields of study, college selectivity, and student inequalities in higher education. . We then illustrate the importance of 27 selected research topics, measured by means of the SBS indicator. In a field such as gender equality, where many topics are closely linked to each other and present overlaps in issues and solutions, this methodology offers a novel perspective with respect to traditional literature reviews. Deressa TT, Hassan RM, Ringler C, Alemu T, Yesuf M. Determinants of farmers choice of adaptation methods to climate change in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia. In this study, I analyzed a large longitudinal data set that included representative data from 57 societies. . Investigating womens positions on French boards of directors. Gender productivity gap among star performers in STEM and other scientific fields. Revisiting the gender gap in CEO compensation: Replication and extension of Hill, Upadhyay, and Beekuns (2015) work on CEO gender pay gap. . Subsequently, the experts worked independently, also supported by the keywords in paper titles and abstracts extracted with the procedure described above. Google Scholar Citations. On the other side, they studied womens leadership styles and influence on the firms decision-making [e.g., 152, 154, 155, 199], with implications for performance [e.g., 18, 19, 96]. Bertrand M, Black SE, Jensen S, Lleras-Muney A. The only exception is the text of the abstracts (over 15,000) that we have downloaded from Scopus. It is therefore often assumed that women are better suited to less visible and less leadership-oriented roles [209]. Straka M, Strakov J, editors. Parental investment in schooling: Evidence from a subsistence farming community in South Africa. and transmitted securely. We're sharing our learnings to improve gender representation in the industry. This literature mainly points to the fact that women are thought to make decisions differently than men. This article reviews the empirical research and theoretical perspectives on gender inequalities in educational performance and attainment from early childhood to young adulthood. Therefore, looking at a single database (i.e., Scopus) should not be considered a limitation of our study. This more complex measure of gender inequality has the potential to inform policy and practices aimed at achieving gender equality. At the highest level of abstraction, it is worth noting that papers abound on the identification of issues related to gender inequalities and imbalances in the workforce and in society. Vicente-Molina MA, Fernndez-Sainz A, Izagirre-Olaizola J. A meta-analysis. In this section, we illustrate a novel approach for the analysis of scientific (gender-related) papers that relies on methods and tools of social network analysis and text mining.