Netherlands | History, Flag, Population, Languages, Map, & Facts Aachen was the place of coronation of the German emperors, and the ecclesiastical principalities of the Rhine played a large role in German history. Napoleon moved Frances frontier eastward to the Rhine River and, on the right (east) bank, created the Confederation of the Rhine. claims 1. A Rhineland Republic was proclaimed by rebellious separatists in October 1923 but lasted less than two weeks. The border of the North German plain is marked by the lower Ruhr. Most of the Rhineland borders on France or Belgium. 2. After Napoleons downfall, the Congress of Vienna (181415) limited Frances frontier on the Rhine to the Alsatian zone again. Because the coverage is extremely. How might each of these worries affect how Britain would deal with the crisis? Back in Koblenz, the regional capital, separatists had tried to seize power on 21 October 1923. Challenges for Britain, Europe and the wider world 1901 to the present day: the inter-war years: the Great Depression and the rise of dictators, Key stage 4 Despite the weapons ban in force, the group were able to bring together a substantial arsenal, comprising not merely axes, sticks and pitchforks, but also a number of hunting weapons and handguns and other infantry weapons, presumably left over from the war. In 1945, the Rhineland was the scene of major fighting as the Allied forces overwhelmed the German defenders.[10]. In 1920, under massive French pressure, the Saar was separated from the Rhine Province and administered by the League of Nations until a plebiscite in 1935, when the region was returned to Germany. What is the relationship between Commerce and economics? The next day, the government urged resistance and eventually, on 2 November 1923, Belgian occupation troops expelled the separatists from Eschweiler. The Supreme Court in Leipzig issued an arrest warrant for Dorten, citing 'high treason', but by remaining in the French occupied territories, Dorten made the execution of arrest warrant impossible. Potential activities: Create your own map to show how Hitler acted against terms of the Treaty of Versailles in the period 1935-1938. The Jews were liberated from the ghetto. This page was last edited on 5 May 2023, at 14:55. 14 of the separatists were killed: these were later buried in a mass grave back in Aegidienberg, without the benefit of any identifying inscription. Koblenz-on-the-Rhine, once occupied by Uncle Sam's troops. "Rhenish" redirects here. The end of the Rhenish Republic can be dated at December 1924, when its leading instigator, Hans Adam Dorten (18801963), was obliged to flee to Nice. Similar political currents were stirring in the south: June 1919 had seen the proclamation by Eberhard Haa of the "Pflzische Republik", centred on Speyer in the occupied territory of the Bavarian Palatinate. Prussia was viewed by opponents as "Europe's evil spirit" and was "ruled over by an unscrupulous caste of war-fixated militaristic aristocrats" ("von einer kriegslsternen, gewissenlosen militrischen Kaste und dem Junkertum beherrscht"). These included: in the north, the electoral archbishopric of Cologne, with the secular territories of Kleve (Cleves), Berg, and Jlich; in the central area, the electoral archbishoprics of Trier and of Mainz and the bishoprics of Worms and of Speyer, with the electoral Palatinate and the countship of Nassau; and, in the south, the bishopric of Strasbourg (Strassburg), with the cities and various lordships of Alsace and the margravate of Baden, with Breisgau. What Hitler did Re-Armament Reclaim the Rhineland Make Alliances Unite German- speaking people Invade European Countries . In May 1935, France and the USSR signed a treaty of friendship and mutual support. Some of the larger cities in the Rhineland are Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Duisburg, Dsseldorf, Essen, Koblenz, Krefeld, Leverkusen, Mainz, Mnchengladbach, Mlheim an der Ruhr, Oberhausen, Remscheid, Solingen, Trier and Wuppertal. The area known as the Rhineland was a strip of German land that borders France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. If youre interested in becoming a part of our project, wed love to hear from you. no defence against allied intervention at that time. Rhineland, German Rheinland, French Rhnanie, historically controversial area of western Europe lying in western Germany along both banks of the middle Rhine River. THE REOCCUPATION OF THE DEMILITARISED ZONE OF THE RHINELAND, 7 MARCH 1936 (NYP 68058) German infantry march into the former DMZ (Demilitarised Zone) preceded by their regimental band, 7 March 1936. Although it was officially part of Germany, the nation was not allowed to fortify it or station troops there. The Siebengebirge district consists of a series of low wooded hills wedged between the A3 Autobahn and Knigswinter, a resort town on the east bank of the Rhine. Hitler took a big risk, as he did not know how the Allies would react. The Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 VII. In the case of the Rhineland, Hitler's motivation was to reclaim German territory and to challenge the restrictions placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. During the afternoon of 15 November, a group of separatists drove two trucks into the Himberg quarter of Aegidienberg: here they were confronted by around 30 armed quarry workers. In this lesson students explore a series of extracts from Foreign Office meetings over the German re-occupation of the Rhineland. Privacy Policy. What conditions, ideologies, and ideas made the Holocaust possible? This, along with other poorly coordinated localised actions inspired by Dorten's Wiesbaden Proclamation, failed to attract significant popular support and soon failed. Introduction Following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to make numerous concessions - Most notably, the loss of Alsace-Lorraine, the demilitarization of Rhineland. Meanwhile, in Aachen itself, separatists led by Leo Deckers and Dr Guthardt captured the Aachen Rathaus (city hall) where, in the Imperial Chamber, they proclaimed the Free and Independent Rhenish Republic on 21 October 1923. The result announced that 90.8 percent of voters voted to rejoin Germany. Parallel coup attempts in many Rhenish towns blew up, most of them following much the same pattern. Did this deal abide by the terms of the Treaties of Versailles and Locarno? On 28 November 1923, Matthes announced that he had dissolved the separatist government. On 7 March 1936 German troops re-occupied the Rhineland, a de-militarised zone according to the Treaty of Versailles. Where is the tallest General Electric Building located? Reclaim the Rain is a project run by Norfolk and Suffolk County Councils to test new ways of managing and harnessing water in small rural locations. The key concerns can be inferred within the documents, including: The events of the Rhineland crisis are important for those studying the history of appeasement in international relations prior to the outbreak of war in 1939. It lies east of Germany's border with France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. After the Imperial Reform of 1500/12, the territory was part of the Lower RhenishWestphalian, Upper Rhenish, and Electoral Rhenish Circles. Many Rhinelanders continued to regard rule by Prussia as a form of foreign occupation. [1] Background German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe Following the conquest of Prussia by the Teutonic Knights in the Prussian Crusade, German settlers were brought in, displacing the indigenous Old Prussians. Back in 1935, Adolf Hitler took over control of the Saar region, which was also taken away from Germany in the Treaty of Versailles to reduce the industrial capabilities of Germany. attacked by France and it allies but it did not. Students could work on the sources individually or pairs and report back to the group with their findings. Find 46 ways to say RECLAIM, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Since he was not [7][8], A Prussian influence began on a small scale in 1609 by the occupation of the Duchy of Cleves. 3 Rhenish Republic - Wikipedia Local government representatives and officials were expelled from civic buildings which were taken over. Why did jeff dunham and paige get divorced? In addressing delegates, Adenauer identified the wreckage of Prussian hegemonistic power as the "inevitable consequence" ("notwendige Folge") of the Prussian system. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. In March 1939 Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia 10. Koblenz had been the administrative capital of the Prussian Rhine Province since 1822. Local members of the Rhenish Independence League took to the streets, proclaiming, disingenuously, that their new republic had come into being without any input from the French: attempts to suppress the Duisburg republic more rapidly were nonetheless blocked by the French occupation forces. Well now with Millennium Dawn: The Fourth Reich you can! Fhrerreich: Legacy of the Great War / Characters - TV Tropes By this treaty Germany agreed to accept the terms of the Versailles Treaty, at least on her western borders. Thanks to the outstanding treason indictment, Dorten and his circle found themselves shunned by members of the mainstream political parties. Learn more about the reoccupation of the Rhineland at: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hitler-reoccupies-the-rhineland, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/german-occupation/, http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/rhine/revision/1/, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000002-0043.pdf. Corrections? Who played meg ryans daughter in courage under fire? New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Moreover, the German left bank and a right-bank strip 30 miles (50 km) deep were to be permanently demilitarized. North Rhine-Westphalia is one of the prime German industrial areas, containing significant mineral deposits, (coal, lead, lignite, magnesium, oil, and uranium) and water transport. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. A non-violent putsch was also attempted across the Rhine in Mainz. The Rhenish tricolour was raised over occupied town halls. On 1 February 1919, more than sixty of the Rhineland's civic leaders together with locally based Prussian National Assembly Members convened in Cologne at the invitation of the city's mayor, Konrad Adenauer of the Catholic Center Party. The Rhenish Republic (German: Rheinische Republik) was proclaimed at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in October 1923 during the occupation of the Ruhr by troops from France and Belgium (January 1923 1925) and subjected itself to French protectorate. Later the Rhineland was divided among the duchies of Lorraine (or Upper Lorraine and Lower Lorraine), Saxony, Franconia, and Swabia; but, during the late European Middle Ages and early modern period, the Rhineland became the seat of numerous territorial principalities. It was thought that Schneider's Aegidienberg-based force now comprised about 4000 armed men. In 1925, at the conclusion of a European peace conference held in Switzerland, the Locarno Pact was signed, reaffirming the national boundaries decided by the Treaty of Versailles and approving the German entry into the League of Nations. What was the date of sameul de champlians marriage? Key Facts 1 Hitler moved to extend German power in central Europe, annexing Austria and destroying Czechoslovakia in 1938-1939.